Industrialization :: essays research papers

How far do the stemmas support the conclusion that, during the stop consonant 1780-1914, the economy and society of Britain was transformed, and with remarkably little departure?During the period 1780-1914 Britain witnessed an industrial revolution that put it head and shoulders above other developing countries in Europe as well as the Americas. However, was this transformation the ane Karl Marx had predicted, one of a series of steps towards the establishment of the Communist state? If this were true, then the period of 1780-1914 entrust show transformation with a series of revolutions and wide conflict between the social classes as the growth of the proletariat. However, the liberal view suggests that regardless of all the new innovations and advancements in industry and social structure, there will be little conflict, mostly of opinions only. So how revolutionary was the industrial revolution? This brings us to the subtext of the question, whether this transformation was mor e liberal or Marxist. Through analysis of the sources, this essay will argue the issue and come to judgement at the end.Eric J. Svedenstierna, the author of Source 1 describes Manchester as a town at the forefront of the industrial revolution, primarily due to its cotton manufactures and spinning machines. His positive description of the city shows that not only is he impressed with the advancements evident, but is favourable towards the nature of that advancement and accordingly gouge be inferred that his view of the situation was relatively sophisticated and calm. This therefore supports the belief that the transformation was with remarkably little conflict, a contradiction of the Marxist view. However, it can be argued that the revolution was not like the French political revolution in 1789 which took place suddenly, but was a process that took over 50 years. The source is dated at 1802, which was a period that saw relatively slow growth in comparison with the years 1815-1821, where the Corn Laws were introduced and a trade ceding back created unemployment, poverty and unrest. Marxist historians such as E.J Hobsbawm and Friedrich Engels will argue that it is at this point where revolutionary ideas grow among the workers. Yet Source 1 suggests that there was no conflict of any kind and therefore agrees with the conclusion. Source 2 also takes a more liberal approach in terms of the advancement in industry, describing the mills conditions as exceedingly favourable, and toil is not very great nor is it incessant.

Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants Essay -- Argumenta

Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ TransplantsWe should NOT risk the human race for the eudaimonia of the a few(prenominal) When asked how he feels about the advancement of science to places that were once notions to be the job of the creator, Dr. Martin Luther King replies by saying, Cowardice asks is it safe? Expedience asks is it political? self-love asks is it customary? But the conscience asks is it skillful? This essay is about animal to human organ transplants otherwise known as Xenotransplants. Even though this appendage is meant to hold open expects, it is giving rise to metaphoric Frankensteins monsters and putting some aspects of the Human Race at risk. This essay will discuss diseases that can wipe species and mother catastrophic dangers for humans such as Ebola and AIDS which the human population has no resistance towards. I will also explore the contrasting spiritual view points on Xenotransplantation. I believe it is important to first explain what this procedure is about and how safe it is, keeping in mind the incident that 4 thousand people die each year waiting for human organs. So, what is Xenotransplantation? Xeno means strange or foreign. The term is used to tell apart a transplant between any two species of animals, including humans. Xenotransplantation usually refers to a procedure in which an organ, such as kidney or liver or live cells (such as brain cells) from a healthy animal ar grafted or transplanted into a human patient. The transplanted materials atomic number 18 called xenotransplants or xenografts. Plus, there are veritable kinds of xenotransplants which are not true transplants at all, because the animal organ or cells stay outside the patients body. These are called extra-corporeal (or outside the bod... ...Christian Barnard in conspiracy Africa. Today, queer movies such as the animal, are being made about transplants and maybe it is a way to change the attitude of the public towards such transplantations. I believe it a personal choice and should be left to the individual to decide and not the temple that they belong to. However, as humans we are changing the normal speed of evolution and destroying the natural order of nature, bad or good. Yes, we do have the technology but do we have the right to do it? I think not Works Cited Parkins, Keith Animal-to-Human Transplants September 1999 http//www.heureka.clara.net/gain/x-trans.htm (5/10/2001) Xenotransplantation Animal Organs to save human lives 2000 http//dukenews.duke.edu/Med/xenobkgd.htm (5/11/2001) Fanjoy, Sylvia humankind audience on xenotransplantation http//www.xeno.cpha.ca/(5/11/2001) Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants Essay -- ArgumentaXenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ TransplantsWe should NOT risk the human race for the benefit of the few When asked how he feels about the advancement of science to places that were once notions to be t he job of the creator, Dr. Martin Luther King replies by saying, Cowardice asks is it safe? Expedience asks is it political? Vanity asks is it popular? But the conscience asks is it right? This essay is about animal to human organ transplants otherwise known as Xenotransplants. Even though this procedure is meant to save lives, it is giving rise to metaphoric Frankensteins monsters and putting some aspects of the Human Race at risk. This essay will discuss diseases that can jump species and cause catastrophic dangers for humans such as Ebola and AIDS which the human population has no resistance towards. I will also explore the different religious view points on Xenotransplantation. I believe it is important to first explain what this procedure is about and how safe it is, keeping in mind the fact that four thousand people die each year waiting for human organs. So, what is Xenotransplantation? Xeno means strange or foreign. The term is used to describe a transplan t between any two species of animals, including humans. Xenotransplantation usually refers to a procedure in which an organ, such as kidney or liver or live cells (such as brain cells) from a healthy animal are grafted or transplanted into a human patient. The transplanted materials are called xenotransplants or xenografts. Plus, there are certain kinds of xenotransplants which are not true transplants at all, because the animal organ or cells stay outside the patients body. These are called extra-corporeal (or outside the bod... ...Christian Barnard in South Africa. Today, comical movies such as the animal, are being made about transplants and maybe it is a way to change the attitude of the public towards such transplantations. I believe it a personal choice and should be left to the individual to decide and not the temple that they belong to. However, as humans we are changing the normal speed of evolution and destroying the natural order of nature, bad or good. Yes, we d o have the technology but do we have the right to do it? I think not Works Cited Parkins, Keith Animal-to-Human Transplants September 1999 http//www.heureka.clara.net/gain/x-trans.htm (5/10/2001) Xenotransplantation Animal Organs to save human lives 2000 http//dukenews.duke.edu/Med/xenobkgd.htm (5/11/2001) Fanjoy, Sylvia Public consultation on xenotransplantation http//www.xeno.cpha.ca/(5/11/2001)

Disney :: essays research papers

Final CopyIf a girl was going to search for her Prince Charming, the first place she should look is in the world of animation. Animation has probably been around since the beginning of time. Although, the artwork that originally resembled animation was only one or two cels, animation today is do up of hundreds or thousands of cels.The early joyous movies were black and white, did not have a plot, and were mostly a series of little gags. Then came ... COLOR. To make an animated movie popular, color was needed to give it style. Walt Disney and his technicians created color to make the movies to a greater extent enjoyable for the viewers. What was the first Disney Movie to come out? It was Snow White and the heptad Dwarfs. To make this movie Disney ran into a slight problem. Sure, it was easy to animate animals, but humans? To solve the problem, they filmed live actors doing exactly what the characters would do. This would work, but there was yet a problem with the size of objects and losing things in the foreground when the camera zoomed. The solution ... a multiplane camera. In this camera, instead of many layers of artwork, there would be two, the foreground and the background. This do zooming in and out easier.In the 1940s there were four classical Disney feature animated movies to come out Pinocchio, Dumbo, Fantasia, and, Bambi. Little did Walt Disney know that the five movies that he do would be the base for many more Disney movies. In the movie Pinocchio for example, a toy maker creates a puppet and when he makes a wish upon a star.....the puppet turns into a real boy. Dumbo was the next movie to come about from Disney. Dumbo is a movie that teaches, you can do anything if you put your mind to it. Now Fantasia on the other hand is a totally different kind of movie. Its a cartoon musical. Bambi was the next movie to come out. To some it might be called a tragedy. But to others it might be called a happy and joyful movie. It teaches you to fend for you rself.After World War II Disney came out with a few more feature animated movies such as Cinderalla, Peter Pan, Lady and the Tramp, and Sleeping Beauty. One thing that Snow White, Cinderalla, and Sleeping Beauty all have in common is that they are all stories about princesses who live happily ever after with their prince.

Greeks and romans Essay -- essays research papers

Three ancient civilizations contributed most to Western society. These ancient cultures were the Romans, Greeks, and Judeo-Christians. Although completely three had a major extend to on our life today in areas such Philosophy, Art, Architecture, Education, Military, Family Life, Government, and many a(prenominal) more, it is evident that the Roman civilization has impacted Western Society beyond the other two. hardly to come to this conclusion you must first look at ein truth last(predicate) aspects of life of all three cultures.The Judeo-Christians were highly religious people. In fact, almost all of their contributions to today are moral principals or religious. Although Jews lived in Judea, which was a Roman province since 6 AD, the Jews continued to be monotheistic. The Romans respected this, however, and did not make them reverence the Roman Gods. Around 1 AD, a boy names the Nazarene was born in the town of Bethlehem. After about thirty years the Nazarene began to prea ch about the Jewish God. People called Jesus the Messiah and the King of the Jews Roman leaders were worried that he would cause a revolt against the Romans. Jesus was considered an enemy. He was tried before Pontius Pilate and was crucified. After Jesus died on a cross, he was resurrected and remained on earth for forty more days to preach. After those forty days, Jesus was ascended into Heaven. The resurrection of Jesus became a main aspect of Christianity. For hundreds of years the Christian religion was put down and not excepted, but during Emperor Constantines loom Christianity became widely excepted because the Constantine was given a message from the Christian God.Many morals and values of the Christians have been passed down and still are followed today. God gave the Ten commandments to Moses for all people to follow. In these ten, three are laws in todays society You shall not kill, You shall not steal, andalso you shall not bear false come across against your neighbor. I t is ilsound to kill and steal. Also, lying in a court of law is perjury.Christianity is the most common religion in western society. Although there are many different denominations of Christians today, including Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Assembly of God, Lutheran, Methodist and many more, they all are based on the fact that Jesus died for their sins and they are forgiven.&n... ...rom its tradition of law. Many Romans were farmers. Therefore, they had to bring in the laws of nature. As soldiers, they had to create laws to regulate the power of some men over others. Religion also stressed laws and obedience to authority. When Rome became a city, they created civic gods. These gods were enliven believed to be in the homes of Romans. All the gods possessed the power to help man only if he served them. More than any other ancient power, Rome was a qualified empire of many peoples and cultures. Roman law respected the differences among people. The idea of Roman life, excited many other cultures. This showed that Roman society was so voguish that they were confident and arrogant it would spread throughout the world.The history of the Roman Empire influenced Western civilization in many ways. Roman law became the basis of the legal codes of most European areas. Rome preserved Greek culture, the foundation of Western learning and even Christianity. All of these were spread to other lands. The world should be very fortunate of the Roman Empire. It has exploited so many great things throughout its dynasty.

The Power of Free Will in Milton?s Paradise Lost Essay -- Milton Parad

The Power of Free Will in Miltons nirvana LostEleanor Roosevelt formerly said, Remember always that you not only have to be an individual, you have an obligation to be one. To be an individual means to venture by election and make decisions with free go forth enhanced by the power of knowledge. Only then be people true to themselves and to separates. In Paradise Lost, Milton clearly conveys this model of acting freely under God. He shows the reader that only with the freedom to choose do a persons actions become meaningful and sincere. This idea also helps Milton to condone the importance of the fall and Gods ultimate plan. Throughout the book, free will is demonstrated not only by cristal and Eve, but also Satan and the other fallen angels, as well as Gods Son. Each characters fate further explains why freedom is so important in expressing true feelings. In Paradise Lost, Milton portrays his belief that Gods real desire is power. To achieve this power, God has given to man the freedom to choose. By giving mankind, more specifically Adam and Eve, this freedom, God will have undefeatable power because those following him will be true. As Eve later states, For we to him all praises owe, And daily thanks, I chiefly who enjoySo far the happier lot, enjoying thee Pre-eminent by so much odds, while thouLike consort to thyself canst nowhere find (Milton, 4.444-48)By following God of their own will, the praise Adam and Eve give to God is real. It is not a dreaded act done out of fear. To take away the freedom Adam and Eve argon given would be taking away Gods power. This helps to convey the understanding among mankind that part of Gods ultimate plan of holding power is to allow people to act on their own free will. ... ...e, the decision to do so is much more meaningful. Thus, God has an even greater following, which again, fits into his ultimate plan. Without the freedom of choice, a persons actions are not sincere or meaningful. As a part of Gods ultimate p lan, he gives the angels in Heaven and Adam and Eve free will in their actions. By doing so, God heightens his own power because his following is strong and faithful. Satans character, on the other hand, gains followers out of fear. As a result, he does not move the same power that God does, which helps to support the thesis that true power can only be gained with free will. Milton also adds depth to this concept by connecting the power of knowledge to free will. Works CitedEmpson, William. Miltons God. London Chatto and Windus, 1961.Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Roy Flannagan. New York Macmillan, 1993.

The Power of Free Will in Milton?s Paradise Lost Essay -- Milton Parad

The Power of Free Will in Miltons Paradise LostEleanor Roosevelt once said, Remember perpetually that you not only have to be an individual, you have an obligation to be one. To be an individual means to act by choice and make decisions with supernumerary will enhanced by the part of familiarity. Only then are people true to themselves and to others. In Paradise Lost, Milton clearly conveys this concept of acting freely under paragon. He shows the reader that only with the freedom to choose do a persons actions become meaningful and solemn. This idea also helps Milton to explain the importance of the sink and Gods ultimate plan. Throughout the book, free will is demonstrated not only by Adam and Eve, but also Satan and the other fallen angels, as well as Gods Son. Each characters fate further explains why freedom is so important in expressing true feelings. In Paradise Lost, Milton portrays his belief that Gods rattling desire is spring. To achieve this power, God has crump len to man the freedom to choose. By giving mankind, more specifically Adam and Eve, this freedom, God will have undefeatable power because those following him will be true. As Eve later states, For we to him all praises owe, And daily thanks, I chiefly who enjoySo far the happier lot, enjoying thee Pre-eminent by so much odds, while thouLike consort to thyself canst nowhere find (Milton, 4.444-48)By following God of their suffer will, the praise Adam and Eve give to God is real. It is not a dreaded act done out of fear. To take away the freedom Adam and Eve are given would be taking away Gods power. This helps to convey the understanding among mankind that part of Gods ultimate plan of holding power is to allow people to act on their own free will. ... ...e, the decision to do so is much more meaningful. Thus, God has an even greater following, which again, fits into his ultimate plan. Without the freedom of choice, a persons actions are not sincere or meaningful. As a part of Go ds ultimate plan, he gives the angels in Heaven and Adam and Eve free will in their actions. By doing so, God heightens his own power because his following is strong and faithful. Satans character, on the other hand, gains followers out of fear. As a result, he does not attain the same power that God does, which helps to support the thesis that true power can only be gained with free will. Milton also adds depth to this concept by connecting the power of knowledge to free will. Works CitedEmpson, William. Miltons God. London Chatto and Windus, 1961.Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Roy Flannagan. New York Macmillan, 1993.

Beowulf: A Comparison between Hrothgar and Beowulf Essay

Throughout history, kings have been the primary figure in kingdoms and territories. good deal looked to these authoritative figures for gayy different things ranging from religion to loss leadership and guidance. The heroic epic Beowulf takes the concept of kingship and elaborates on it through the roles of two very different characters fairy Hrothgar and Beowulf. In doing so, it reveals the differing values instilled within each man.Very early on in Beowulf, it is evident that the German and Scandinavian world that exists at this time is both antipathetic and unpredictable. The constant upheaval between the differing cultures force the people of these villages to look to a higher power for a sense of well- be. major power Hrothgar of Heorot embodies the necessary characteristics of a leader at the beginning of the tale strength, bravery, and leadership. The introduction of Grendel, however, eliminates any sense of stability in the King of the Danes. Instead of standing up to f ight Grendel, Hrothgar cowardly retreats and allows the monster to terrorize and pillage his kingdom for many years. As a result of this, the people lose their sense of trust and security. It is at this point that they place their feel in pagan rituals, turning their backs on God.Beowulf, the hero of this epic, demonstrates what a hero truly represents. He first and foremost places his trust in God or else than in other humans or pagan rituals. His strength, bravery, and self-sacrifice shine through his underlying persistent optimism.This drive stems from Beowulfs ultimate goal of being remembered after he is long gone and time has passed. As he tells Hrothgar, We must all expect and end to life in this world let him who can win fame before death, because that is a dead mans best memorial.When Beowulf hears of the turmoil Grendel is causing in Heorot, he immediately responds to the call, against his fathers wishes. He determines that he leave alone fight the creature without any weapon or armor. This confidence only demonstrates his faith in God and fate. He believes that if something happens, it will happen, and there is no way of preventing the inevitable.Beowulfs fight with Grendel represents the beginning of his journey as a hero. Grendel is the most evil foe for Beowulf, because he is a pass descendant of Cain. Beowulfs character through this difficult first task establishes a foundation for him to build on with each increasingly arduous task. aft(prenominal) having defeated Grendel, Heorot once again returns to a peaceful and serene place. The halls within the Danish kingdom grow joyous and jovial. All of this jollity quickly dissipates, however, when Grendels mother begins murdering and ravaging the town in a fit of rage over her sons death. This is the second struggle that Beowulf is faced with. In this extra situation, he is forced to travel into a hostile environment down into the mothers lair. This second act of heroism shows how Beowulf goes one step progress in securing his place as a genuine hero. When he defeats the mother with a sword that he did not come equipped with, it becomes very carry that divine intervention makes up a large part of his success.Once Grendels mother is defeated, peace is once again restored in the Danish kingdom. l long years pass before any other major act of heroism occurs in Beowulfs life. During this time, he becomes King of the Geats, and establishes himself as a great ruler. When a dragon interrupts the tranquility of the kingdom, Beowulf truly secures his place as a legend. Unlike King Hrothgar, Beowulf does not shy away from danger, and aggressively pursues the dragon. This is by far the most difficult task Beowulf faces and he soon realizes it. Not only is the beast more powerful and dangerous than its predecessors, Beowulf is now an old man and does not possess the strength and energy that so freely flowed through him as a younger man.The twelve companions that accompany Beowulf on this quest waste him in the face of danger, except for Wiglaf, the only true and loyal servant. These cowards can be looked at in much the same light as King Hrothgar. They act brave and mighty, but when confronted with real danger and risk, coward away. All of these factors combine to ultimately defeat Beowulf. He defeats the dragon, but dies in doing so. Even as he dies, Beowulf exudes his humbleness and faithfulness to God and the people he watched over. I speak with words of thankfulness to God the king of glory,our eternal Lord, for all the wealth that I see here, and because I was permitted to win it for my people before my death.Countless times in history, people are faced with tough decisions that unknowingly affect an consummate society. It is how these people respond to these situations that truly reveal their character. Attempting to hide or run away does not solve the problem, much to the dismay of people like King Hrothgar. If anything can be learned from this, I th ink it is that when we are faced with these decisions in life, we must trust in what we firmly believe in and fully put our reputation or life on the line. In doing so, we too have the ability to become heroes in our own right, whether it be a moot choice or just something very simple. By focusing on the same principles as Beowulf did, we can affect the society around us as well.

Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks

Growth Strategies in nutty Drinks A management report from rail line Insights The battle for packet of pharynx status of new cushiony drinks launches aimed at children 29% 36% In spite of growing emulation in the spongelike drinks merchandise, many companies, ranging from multinationals to niche specialists, insure to see volume growth well in excess of the market average. Much of their achiever faeces be attributed to progressive attitudes to their competitory environment and by exploiting new production, packaging and distribution technologies, they atomic number 18 able to meet consumers gather ups more accurately and immediately than ever before.With leading players such as The Coca-Cola telephoner driving the battle Child as purchaser Parent as purchaser Planned purchase Impulse purchase for share of throat, cottony drinks manufacturers of both sizes need to equip themselves with a wide variety of innovative strategic tools if they are to 4% 32% remain competit ive. Business Insights report, the Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks highlights emerging opportunities in the effort, and examines the ways that companies can best exploit them.From the emerging markets of Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe and South America, to fast-growth niches in the developed macrocosm, this latest study is the authorized guide to origin, main players, market sizes and growth prospects. New manufacturing and marketing techniques are blurring traditional b vows between soft drinks categories. With competition becoming increasingly fierce and share of throat thinking coming to the fore, targeting specific consumer needs and consumption joints is going to become more and more of import. The implications for the soft drinks industry could be considerable, oddly for smaller players. Marketing Director European soft drinks manufacturer Structure and scope Share of throat and market drivers an in-depth investigation of product positioning, distribution, marketing and NPD strategies that are being employed in the pursuit of share of throat. New Age beverages zip fastener and sports drinks HIGH GROWTH Category growth versus rate of mental institution in the worldwide soft drinks market Key market data the report contains a data table for each category, listing the 10 fastest-growing country categories approximately the world. This Dairy drinks s supplemented in the final chapter with market data by category for 7 of the most important country markets in global soft drinks. Bottled water Carbonates Juices LOW GROWTH CONSOLIDATED Squashes & cordials Powdered soft drinks FRAGMENTED Innovation and technology depth psychology of over 350 new product launches in the global market, examining their marketing mix and specific consumer appeal, indicating the direction in which soft drinks NPD is likely to develop over the next five years. With high volume growth rank and a low level of consolidation, New Age beverages is arguably the most attractive so ft drinks category for new ntrants. Future outlook and survey a wide-ranging survey of industry executives in Western Europe and North America, focusing on issues of consumer targeting, fast-growth distribution channel and packaging formats and assessing their projected disturb on the upcoming development of the industry. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights Shifting industry dynamics Key bases of the success of energy and sports drinks in the global soft drinks market Performance enhancement Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks provides invaluable insight into the dynamics of the global soft drinks market.It looks at the make up in inter-category competition and the battle for share of throat, as well as trends in new product development and emerging market activity. With a global outlook, it provides you with the information you need to increase profitability, no matter the size of your company. Isotonic drink Sports drinks Lucozade Sport What are the main share of throat strategies being used by the leading multinationals? vigor drinks Tonic & functional dairy drinks Yakult Health needs Red Bull Recreation Lipovitan How do these strategies impact on smaller companies? What are the current and forthcoming trends in soft drinks new product development? Where do the get wind opportunities lie in healthy or in indulgent Much of the success of energy and sports drinks can be attributed to the ability of a relatively small number of brands to satisfy a relatively oversize number of specific consumer demands. positionings? How large is the childrens market for soft drinks? What is the potential of the elderly market? Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights What are the fastest-growing niche soft drinks markets in the developed world? Where are the key growth opportunities in emerging markets? Key benefits Forecast development in soft drinks innovation in North America deoxycytidine monophosphate% Line extensions based on existi ng technologies With the competitive environment in the global soft drinks industry becoming increasingly intense, no company can afford to ignore emerging growth potential. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks enables you to identify a wide range of opportunities in a variety of countries, categories, channels and formats.Composition of NPD (% new products) 80% 60% Line extensions based on new technologies Understand how the leading players are shaping the competitive environment and how their activities impact on your business. 40% 20% Learn how NPD trends are evolving and the channels, packaging Completely new products formats and positionings that are likely to be most successful over 0% 1998 2003 the next five years. Identify fast-growth areas for your products from 46 country markets in 5 continents. North American manufacturers will focus on using new technologies to render extensions to existing lines rather than create new brands. Quantify emerging categories, such as ene rgy and sports drinks and New Age beverages and their potential impact in the brisk North American and Western European soft drinks markets. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights Use the findings of the Business Insights survey to understand how the industry predicts the soft drinks market will develop over the coming five years. Who can benefit from the report?Forecast development in specific consumer group targeting in soft drinks innovation in Europe Not important nowadays but important in 5 years Important now and important in 5 years Children Young adults Families Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks has been designed to provide soft drinks manufacturers and distributors of all sizes with the information they need to thrive in a hostile competitive environment. Company type Soft Drinks Multinationals Strategic Planners Marketing Managers Product Managers v v v v v v v v v v Soft Drinks Niche Specialists v v v v v v v v v v v v Retailers, Wholesalers and Distributors v v v v v vIn 5 years Pensioners Not important now and not important in 5 years Now Important now but not important in 5 years muse title Market Research Managers Managing Directors Distribution Managers NPD Managers Export Managers Brand Managers Sales Managers In Europe, creating single-serve products aimed at members of specific age groups is likely to become a key marketing issue in the next five years, whereas multi-serves aimed at families will decline in importance. Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights Research methodology Business Insights is a series of management reports designed to help you make informed, timely business decisions. Written and compiled by independent experts, the reports evaluate interviews with key industry executives and quantify the issues that will be of 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 Bottled Water Carbonates Squashes & cordials 997-98 New age beverages Juices zippo & sports drinks Year-on-year category g rowth differential over soft drinks market average (% volume) % category growth differential over market average greatest strategic sig- nificance in the industrys future. We conducted a qualitative industry opinion survey of over 500 executives in soft drinks companies across the globe to ascertain their current and future strategies and obtain their opinions and projections on the future of the market. The report provides inter-category and international comparison of growth rates and degrees of consolidation to identify key market entry opportunities. Of the traditional categories, only(prenominal) bottled water is outperforming the soft drinks market average growth, having benefited both from the boom in flavoured water sales and the evolution of new bulk and impulse packaging formats. It provides analysis of over 350 soft drinks launches on the basis of their competitive positioning and consumer appeal indicating underlying current trends and forecasting future developments .Growth Strategies in Soft Drinks Business Insights The report evaluates the markets for bottled water, carbonates, dairy drinks, energy and sports drinks, juices, New Age beverages, powered soft drinks and squashes and cordials. Table of table of contents (abridged) CHAPTER 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Share of throat Innovations in soft drinks Emerging markets Company profiles global giants and niche players Survey results and forecasts Market dynamics CHAPTER 2 SHARE OF THROATIntroduction The causes of the expansion of the competitive space The impact of the decrease in volume growth How to gain from the share of throat concept Retail strategies Gaining increased shelf-space Installing more and break down equipment in the marketplace Expanding availability into new outlets and channels Consumer strategies Expand consumer base and create a larger body of repeat purchasers Encouraging existing customers to increase their levels of consumption Conclusions CHAPTER 3 INNOVATION S IN SOFT DRINKS Introduction Product Launch Opportunities The relationship between rate of innovation and growth The relationship between consolidation, innovation and growth Trends in NPD in Soft Drinks Introduction Innovation by category and by geography Innovation by category and by occasion Innovation by category and by target demographic group Innovation by category and by ingredients Conclusions CHAPTER 4 EMERGING MARKETS Introduction spendthrift Growth Opportunities in the Developing World Indonesia Philippines China New Zealand Hungary Brazil Pakistan CHAPTER 6 SURVEY RESULTS AND FORECASTS Introduction The relationship between product upgrading and true innovation The future of product positioning The future of targeting specific consumer groups The future of soft drinks packaging Summary of key findings CHAPTER 7 MARKET DYNAMICS Introduction world-wide Soft Drinks Market Data Overview Soft Drinks Market Data Overview France Germany Italy Japan Spain UK USPortugal Vietnam Poland Emerging Opportunities in the Developed World New Age beverages Energy and sports drinks Bottled water Emerging markets data appendix CHAPTER 5 COMPANY STRATEGIES GLOBAL GIANTS AND NICHE PLAYERS Introduction The Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Product history Positioning SWOT abbreviation Procter & Gamble Sunny Delight Product history Positioning SWOT Analysis Red Bull GmbH Red Bull Product history Positioning SWOT Analysis Yakult Honsha Yakult Product history Positioning SWOT Analysis Conclusions About Business Insights Business Insights appreciate the importance of accurate, up-to-date incisive market and company analysis and our aim therefore is to provide a single, off-the-shelf, objective source of data, analysis and market insight. FAX BACK TO +44 (0) 207 900 6688 r run down and e-mail to emailprotected com www. globalbusinessinsights. com I would like to order the following report(s) (Please use BLOCK CAPITALS) 1 Company details 3 Company name _________________________ _______________________________ EU companies (except UK) must supply VAT / BTW / MOMS / MWST / IVA / FPA number ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________ 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________ Purchase Order Number (if required)_____________________________________Ordering Multiple reports Multiple report discounts 1 report 2 reports remedy 15% 3 reports save 20% 2 Enter total price at a lower place Payment method Please indicate your preferred coin GB? EUR US$ 4 ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Total order value is ____________________________ I will forward a check payable to Business Insights Limited. Please measure my company (please complete invoice address below) I would like to pay by bank transfer (email address required) Debit my credit/c harge taunt Amex Visa Mastercard 1. Price is for a Single User licence 2. Discount applied to sum of total list price.Cannot be used in conjunction with other offers. 3. Contact emailprotected com for more information on regional/global licences Hard Copy Please fill out recipient derails below if you wish to order a printed version of your report(s). Add ? 50/75/$95per report Please allow 28 days for delivery Interactive var. A new, innovative way to view our publications Customize, search, translate, contrast, manipulate and extract report content. Add ? 50/75/$95per report Card No__________________________________________________________ ______________ Expiry Date _________ / _________ speck ______________________________ Communications FeedbackPlease let us know if any of the following factors influenced your purchase telecommunicate/Fax/Postal promotion Brochure Table of Contents Colleague Recommendation Trade Press My Account Manager Conference materials Website/web sear ch Payor details Title Mr/Mrs/Ms First address Email Job Title (Please use BLOCK CAPITALS) Last Name 5 Recipient details (If different from Payor) Department Title Mr/Mrs/Ms First Name Email City Job Title Country Department Tel Address Fax City Country Tel State/Province Post Code/ rush along Fax Post Code/ZIP State/Province (Please use BLOCK CAPITALS) Address Last Name Sign here to confirm your order ORDERS WITHOUT A SIGNATURE CANNOT BE PROCESSED

Man’s Evil Nature in “Lord of the Flies” by Golding Essay

When young boys ar abandoned on an uninhabited island without adults, compensate they are capable of murder. This is the scenario depicted in the British author, William Goldings novel, Lord of the Flies, written and published in 1954 during World War 2. Comparing the characters of knave, Ralph, Piggy and Simon with Freuds guess of id, ego and superego, one can prove that man has an underlying unrighteous nature. The characters are represented with Jack as id, Ralph as ego, and Piggy and Simon as superego.Freuds theory of id, ego and superego influences the spheres of ones being. The id represents military force, and the drive to erase. The id is the desire to hurt others, and to dominate. In contrast the ego persuades one to make actions that make ones actions acceptable by others around them. It also controls the call for for acceptance and the unavoidableness to be in control. Though different, the superego lies within ones spirituality and need for order. It values rules , and commandments.Jack as id, represents the carnal drives in man. He illustrates this through painting his face. By painting his face, Jack suppresses his ego and superego, causing Jack to be capable of acts of violence without having any repercussions. Jack portrays this violence in different ways. First, Jack enjoys hunting because he gets to kill pigs. Often, in Lord of the Flies, Jack is consumed by killing pigs, and desires nought to a greater extent. The drive to kill rules his thoughts. In Jacks statement Were strong-we hunt If theres a beast well hunt it down. Well close in and unit of ammunition and beat and beat-(83), he demonstrates his carnal desire to hint and kill. Next, Jack also strove to control others.He would even resort to torture, What d you mean by it, eh? verbalize the chief (Jack) forcefully What d you mean coming with spears? What d you mean by not joining my tribe? The prodding became rhythmic. Sam yelled.(166). The desire to kill is what proves that J ack has an evil nature, and the fact that he came from a civilized society shows that anyone can become like him.Ralph displayed himself as being ego through his need for acceptance and his leadership. Ralphs need for acceptance is so strong that he would even go as far as to insult an other so all the boys would like him, and see him asfitting in. An example of this is when Ralph said Hes not Fatty, cried Ralph his real names Piggy(20) when he had promised Piggy earlier that he would tell no one else his name is Piggy. Ralphs desire to be one among the crowd made him stoop so low as to insult and hurt another, just so he could look better.When Ralph begins to fall away from the group, he begins to lose all his leadership. Often multiplication Ralph would forget all the important things he would need to remember to become chief, and start to digress to savagery, just so he could be with the group. With Ralphs need for acceptance and loss in leadership power, it is apparent that even he was naturally evil.Piggy and Simon were the representations of superego. Piggys need for rules and Simons mysticism twain suggested that superego was the largest influencing force in their lives. Piggy would often try to set up rules, and other tools of civilization to create order. Without that order, Piggy knew that there would be no want in there situation. He proved this need for rules with his need to take names, Piggy moved among the crowd, asking names and frowning to remember them.(17). Different from Piggy, Simon had a strange quality of mysticism about him. He had an understanding about the nature of the beast that no one else had.He illustrated this understanding when he had this vision, trick thinking the Beast was something that you could hunt and kill said the head. For a moment or two the forest and all the other dimly appreciated places echoed with the charade of laughter. You knew, didnt you? Im part of you? Close, close, close Im the reason why its no go? W hy things are what they are?(130). With Piggys need for rules and Simons understanding of the nature of the Beast it is apparent that they both had the capabilities of the same savagery as the other boys.Through Freuds theory of id, ego, and superego, it is apparent that man does have an underlying evil nature in the novel Lord of the Flies. Jack, Ralph, Piggy, and Simon each display these aspects of mans evil nature, and also prove that if it can happen tothem that it can happen to anyone. Young children are typically thought of as more pure and innocent that those more experienced in the world. If they arecapable of such acts, it is sad to think what the rest of the world is capable of.

16 Questions to be Graded Essay

1. The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement?a. Nominal b. ordinal number c. Interval/ratio d. Experimental2. What was the mean posttest empowerment score for the control free radical?97.123. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the experimental conference. Was this an judge finding? give a rationale for your answer.The mean baseline for depression 14.00 and the post-test for depression was 13.36. The post-test score is 0.64 lower than the baseline score which is what the study hypothesized. The study results dry land This study found that there were significant differences in improvement of empowerment, self-care self-efficacy, and depression in patients who were in the intervention group using empowerment strategies than with the control group patients (Grove, 2007).4. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of t he research results? supply a rationale for your answer.The mean baseline and post-test depression score was 10.40. These scores strengthen the validity of the research results because it shows that depression did not improve for the patients within the control group but the scores did change for the patients in the experimental group.5. Which groups test scores had the least amount of variability or dispersion?Provide a rationale for your answer.The control group had the least amount of variability with the depressionscore which stayed with a SD of 10.4.6. Did the empowerment variable or self-care self-efficacy variable try the greatest amount of dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer.The empowerment variable demonstrated the greatest amount of dispersion because the mean not unaccompanied went up by 6.64 the SD also went down by 1.91 suggesting the scores are also closer to accurate.7. The mean () is a measure of __central__ __tendency__ of a distribution musical comp osition the SD is a measure of __dispersion_____ of its scores. Both and SD are ____descriptive_____ statistics.8. What was the mean ghastliness for renal disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores? Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects was moderately severe with a mean of 6.74, SD of 2.97, from a range of 0-10. The severity scores did not vary significantly and it is important to deliver the same severity of disease across the board so the outcomes can be true.9. Which variable was least affected by the empowerment program? Provide a rationale for your answer.The mean for the control group was least affected by the empowerment program only rising 0.4.10. Was it important for the researchers to include the get means and SDs for the study variab les in Table 2 to promote the readers understanding of the study results? Provide a rationale for your answer.Yes it was important to include the totals so at a glance anyone can see that even when the experimental and control groups are combined the results still show an improvement in all tercet categories.ReferencesGrove, S. K. (2007). Statistics for Health Care Research A Practical Workbook. VitalSource Bookshelf version. Retrieved from http//pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4160-0226-0/outline/16The citation provided is a guideline, please check each citation for accuracy before use.

Parvanas Journey

PARVANAS JOURNEY QUIZ CHAPTERS 6,7,8 quit 1 Complete the following multiple choice. 1. What is a Shalwar Kameez? A. Traditional dress worn by two men and women. B. Knitted Shaw C. Sandals D. Soft-soled leather shoes made from deer skin. 2. What job did Parvana do in exchange for food for Hassan, Asif and herself? A. foray the Tea House B. Clean the chicken house C. Clean dishes D. Cleaned a pigeons cage 3. As Asif, Parvana and Hassan left the colony, what did Asif return to steal? A. Eggs B. Rice C. Water D. Chicken 4. What did Asif make disclose of grass, down by the stream? A. Ball B. Boat C. Car D. House . What name did Parvana used when she introduced herself as a boy? A. Faraz B. Aadi C. Dakshi D. Kaseem PART 2 suffice in the blanks 1. _______________ Each letter Parvana wrote she addressed it to her best friend. What was her name? 2. _______________ What did Asif say he would buy out of his share of the treasure? 3. _______________ Parvanas journey was to play along walk ing in hopes of bumping into who. 4. _______________ When Parvana, Asif and Hassan arrived in the tiny village, they spoke with some boys playing what sport? 5. _______________ Asif wanted to help Parvana out by carrying what on his back?PART 3 True or False 1. _____ The treasure chest found by Asif and Parvana was full of soap. 2. _____ When Parvana and Hassan left the cave, Asif decided to join them just to annoy Parvana. 3. _____ prohibited of anger Parvana returned to the chicken house to steal eggs. 4. _____ After Parvana finished cleaning the chickens house, the man returned with three bowls of white rice. 5. _____ Asif played baseball with the boys in the village for a drink of water. ANSWER KEY Multiple Choice A B D A D Fill in the blanks Shauzia Horses Mother Hassan association football True or False False True True False False

Trials and Tribulations of Writing Le Nozze Di Figaro

A man known for composing brilliant instrumental music for intimately of his career, made a commodious step in the world of opera on 7 May 1783. It was on this date which Mozart wrote a letter to his novice with the intentions of his next composition. In the advent years this spectacle would become Mozarts 18th Operatic Work and 11th in Italian, Le Nozze di Figaro. Already having 10 Italian Operas accredited to his name Le Nozze di Figaro seemed to be Mozarts greatest operatic challenge to date. The Burgtheater in Vienna was currently home to an Italian Company whom Mozart aspect would not last long however, now was doing beautiful business.There were many members of the Opera Company who could not wait to hold up involved in the project Mozart had in mind. Particularly the buffo bass, Benucci who was described by Mozart as Particularly good. 1 Despite having much interest by members of the company to aid his intentions, finding a libretto which appealed to Mozart seemed impo ssible. Hundreds of librettos were looked through, examined, acted out however, none seemed to be the perfect fit.Eventually Mozarts routine hand man at the time, the buffo bass, Benucci came across Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais outrageously cheeky play La folle journee, ou Le mariage de Figaro. 2 Just as Mozarts Figaro Beaumarchais play was not well judge in the beginning. Yet the way to acceptance was paved by the Viennese success of the first Figaro play by Beaumarchais, Le barbier de Seville. 3 Now having found a libretto to work with Mozart felt so many changes would have to be made. Writing a new text seemed easier to Mozart so having to work through and omitting parts of dis-interest possibilities which he had little time for. A new text Mozart felt would be better anyways.Mozart goes on in his letter saying Our poet here is now a certain Abbate da Ponte. He has a huge amount to do, revising pieces for the theatre, and he has to write per obbligo an entirely new libretto for Salieri, which leave take him two months. He has promised after that to write a new on for me. But who knows whether he will be able to keep his word or whether he will want to. As you are aware, these Italian gentlemen are very charming to your face Enough, we know them If he is in league with Salieri I shall never get anything out of him.But I should dearly give care to show what I can do in an Italian opera. 4 Supported by the letter to Mozarts father challenges were imminent from the start. One of the biggest was that of Da Ponte being available and willing to make changes to Beaumarchais existing work. Clearly unable at first being employed by Salieri Mozart had to ponder with the idea that his composition would not get started for at least two months, if at all. Mozart was worried about Da Ponte teaming up with Salieri, fearing he would then get nothing out of him.All Mozart wanted to do was show what he could do with Italian Opera. After a chequered career a s priest, preceptor, radical thinker and frequenter of married women, Da Ponte had recently settled in Vienna in the winter of 1780-81. He is described as having extensive talent and passion for poetry and the theatre which were all genuine. Aside from his incredible talents Da Pontes charm and good manners did the rest. His charm and ability to talk to wad and persuade landed him a job working for Caterino Mazzola, poet to the Italian opera at the Saxon court in Dresden.This eventually lead to the relationship which Da Ponte and Salieri endured as a letter of recommendation came in high regard from Maestro Mazzola. Upon arriving in Vienna he quickly put his charm and masterly intelligence to work by courting the aged Metastasio, renewed acquaintance with Mozarts admirer and patron Count Cobenzl and endeared himself to Count Rosenberg. Once the Italian company was set-up in Vienna at the Burgtheater he was immediately appointed resident librettist. Mozart rarely mentions Da Ponte s name in any correspondence he had with people like his father and Count Mazzola.Reasoning could be thought of in one way firstly and most obvious is the fact they lived only a some doors down from one another in Vienna so the need of corresponding through letters was not. For what some record as one of the most influential, dynamic and destined partnerships known in the musical world there is little known about the on-goings between Mozart and Da Ponte.In the months while Figaro was fetching shape and being composed Mozart resided in Grosse Schulerstrasse (the modern Domgasse), a short walk to Da Pontes office at the Burgtheatre. 5 Their partnership is easily explained through this restate where no source comes attached a composer who understands the theatre and a true poet, that pheonix, working together. Despite all these reasonings as to why Mozart and Da Ponte were such a dynamic, intelligent, forceful duo one question which lingers in ones mind might be why did their co llaboration not happen sooner? Afterall, Da Ponte had been in Vienna 4 years prior to them beginning their collaboration. Several different reasons exist.The first standing between Da Ponte and Mozart was Mozarts meticulousness and his increasingly acute striking sense. Mozart was not going to settle for less than first rate, or at any rate with the mediocre. Another reason was concern of his reputation and identity. Thirdly, was the readiness and availability of Da Ponte. Upon meeting with Da Ponte, Mozart learned that his soon to be partner was currently engaged by Salieri for another two months. Not knowing when or if Da Ponte would be ready to go by then did not cause Mozart to wait around fully willing and prepared he kept moving forward.Lastly, the presence and consistent seeking of Mozarts father for approval with everything he did. Being so brilliant minded one does not think on the same levels as that of regular society. Thoughts, processes, formulas, details are manu factured at a different level then the rest. Mozart was definitely in this category of people. The quick category if you will. One walks a fine line with this comparison however, the way Mozart took on projects and ways of capturing musical results could not be far off from the thought process of an engineer getting to the end result of a project drawing or building structure.Both professions meticulous in preparation, meticulous during winding and both having such an acute focus on what the finished product must be. Bridget Brophy succinctly summarizes the immense thought and time Mozart put into his composition and effect of his opera, Le Nozze di Figaro, in her book Mozart The Dramatist. Brophy does so by paying tribute to the devotion and fastidiousness in which he had with all his compositions and contrasts the evident musical outcome in his operatic writing. 6

A Character From Everyman Essay

Everyman is a medieval tactical maneuver written by an anonymous author. The central theme of the play is that when the time to leave the world is approaching, an individual may end up being betrayed by his or her family and friends, and only good deeds is important at the end. God and religion are also important aspects in this Middle Age drama, because it portrays Everymans progress from fear of death to a Christian calmness that is prelude to redemption (115).The characters in the play consist of subjects, verbs, and objects. The main character in the drama is Everyman, but the name is a representation of mankind in general. Everyman asks other characters to follow him on his journey to death. Firstly, Everyman goes to Fellowship who is his friend, but the first to forsake him by suggesting drinking or socializing with women instead of sack on journey of death. Secondly, he asks his family members, Kindred and Cousin, to join him on his journey. However, Kindred and Cousin are disloyal to Everyman by reminding him of the things he has never done for them. Thirdly, Everyman refers to wides, which are Everymans belongings.However, he is disappointed to find out that he cannot take his material possessions with him to his grave. Fourthly, Everyman calls upon Good Deeds. Good Deeds is unable to accompany Everyman immediately, but recommends first going and speaking to knowledge. Lastly, Everyman takes Good Deeds advice and goes to Knowledge. Knowledge leads Everyman to Confession in order for Everyman to acknowledge his sin and be forgiven. Good Deeds rises again and Everyman asks Good Deeds, Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits to join him on his journey to death. Although they all agree and follow him, they run away when they approach his grave except for Good Deeds. Therefore, by closing of the play the audience can conclude that Good Deeds is the only character who did not betray Everyman.In conclusion, Everyman is a medieval field of view piece that teaches a lesson to the readers about the importance of life, which is that the things an individual does for others during his lifetime are what counts at the end of ones life. Everyman first thought his family, friends, and belongings would be there when he dies, but realizes that none of that matters when life ends.

Listening Functions

One of the essential involvements in human life is communicating. In fact we dismiss swear that man has been involved in communication since the beginning of time. Although non as developed as we suck today, man has always sort to communicate his ideas to his fellow man. Today, the import of communication to man can non be overemphasized. This is because human life is impossible without it. In human endeavor, we need to shargon and receive education. macrocosm at the center of human life, hardly is can man survive without communicating.Effective communication involves a lot of things. To begin with, communication involves more than one someone. The process of communication involves twain parties. When we communicate, there is the person that is giving the culture and the other party that is receiving the cultivation. However, communication is not complete with the person passing the information, trenchant communication also essentially collects the person receiving the information to richly understand the original meaning of what is organism said. As simple as communication might seem, efficacious communication is not an easy task.In this essay, focus will be drawn on the listen rather that the speaker in communication process. We all know that we nominate to communicate but the fact is that oftentimes, we do not wait to blend a feedback about what we are communicating or the information we are receiving. As human creations, we encounter to understand that there is a difference amongst sense of hearing and audition. We can hear a thing but not listen but we can not listen without hearing.The difference between these two concepts rests in the fact that hearing is unconscious but it takes a conscious effort to listen. Listening transcends the estate of hearing and is more complex. In the case of hearing, we do not restore an effort to hear something because hearing is spontaneous. On the other hand, listening requires a special form of co ncentration on the part of the attender that is not required in the case of hearing. Unfortunately, most people confuse both concepts to mean the akin thing, thereby using it interchangeably as a form of synonym.More than ever, victors need to develop their listening skills. This is because they have to understand what their client is saying so as to understand the real situation in question. Generally, passe-partouts hold the responsibility to listen to their clients in run to know how they can be of help to them. much(prenominal) professions entail a daily interpersonal encounters and success in such profession rests on the professionals ability to listen in order to really understand what is required in the condition situation. No matter how good a professional is, without effective listening skill or ability, the professional is as good as not being a professional. Such a field that requires effective listening skills is the profound profession.As a lawyer, one is daily in volved in interpersonal encounters that require basic skill in listening. This is informed by the fact that the lawyer in the discharge of his duties can not just rely on the client for effective communication. Oftentimes, the client is disillusioned and emotional and so the lawyer has to be able to not only hear what the client is saying but to instal a conscious effort in order to be able to interpret the message that is being passed across.Due to the fact that success in the legal profession is based on the acquisition of inevitable information, the legal practitioner must seek to fully understand what the client is saying, meaning or implying. When a professional listens, the person relaying the information feels respected and valued, making them feel that they have something they can contribute to the discussion. This goes a long way in boosting the clients boldness and this allows for a better interpersonal human relationship between the professional and the client.In the g eneral sense, interpersonal encounters require five basic learning functions. These are namely listening to comprehend, listening to support, listening to analyze, listening to appreciate and listening to discern. I will make an attempt to explain how each function aids the legal practitioner in the practice of his/her profession.In the legal practice, the legal practitioner must learn to listen to the client in order to fully comprehend what the client is saying. This becomes important because the success of the case is based of the proper understanding of the issue at hand. The professional must be patient enough to carefully listen to the client in order to grasp what is needed to know about the case.In addition to this, the legal practitioner must be able to listen in order to support the client in bring out information that the client might not consider relevant to the case. This becomes important because the client might be lascivious of some things in the legal profession an d so the legal practitioner holds the responsibility of making certainly that the client is guided in his thought so that the required information can be acquired.Furthermore, the legal practitioner must possess the ability to listen in order to analyze the information that is provided by the client. As expected, the client might give some information that needs scrutiny and evaluation. The lawyer is rear in a vantage position if he/she able to listen properly. This helps in putting the information condition together and weighing it for inadequacies and contradictions.Apart from this, the listening helps the lawyer appreciate the value of information that is given. As part of the responsibilities of the lawyer, he/she must be able to envisage the likely outcome of the case given the information provide. Listening make the legal practitioner know what they stand to encounter in the act based on the information given. Also, when a lawyer listens properly, he/she can discern between the information that is relevant and need for the success of the case. Not all what is said by the client is useful and so the legal practitioner must be able to make a decision and to distinguish between what is required for the case at hand.In conclusion, as I have noticed, successful lawyers are those who have the unrivalled ability to listen effectively. So if you are a legal practitioner and you wish to be successful in your practice, develop your listening skills then learn to listen to your client more. This will not only put you in a vantage position, it will make you a better lawyer. penNadig L. Tips on Effective Listening. Retrieved on April 24, 2008 from http//www.drnadig.com/listening.htm University of Leeds website. Listening and Interpersonal Skills University of Leeds skillscentre. Retrieved on April 24, 2008 from http//www.skillscentre.leeds.ac.uk/learnhigherleeds/pages/listening_skills/ls_home.htm www.lifepositive.com. THATS JUST WHAT I spurious Retrieved on Apri l 24, 2008 from http//www.lifepositive.com/mind/personal-growth/communicate/communication.asp

Static Ram and Dynamic Ram

What is the difference between stable drill in and dynamical obturate in my calculator? Your computer probably uses both static RAM and dynamic RAM at the kindred meter, save it uses them for unalike reasons because of the cost difference between the ii types. If you apprehend how dynamic RAM and static RAM chips deform inside, it is easy to see why the cost difference is in that respect, and you send away as well understand the names. Dynamic RAM is the most common type of computer storage in use today. Inside a dynamic RAM chip, each retrospection cell holds one bit of information and is made up of deuce separate a transistor and a capacitor.These are, of course, extremely low-spirited transistors and capacitors so that millions of them stick out fit on a mavin computer storage chip. The capacitor holds the bit of information a 0 or a 1 (see How Bits and Bytes Work for information on bits). The transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the recollection chip tell the capacitor or change its state. A capacitor is like a sm every(prenominal) bucket that is able to store electrons. To store a 1 in the memory cell, the bucket is take hold full with electrons. To store a 0, it is emptied. The problem with the capacitors bucket is that it has a leak.In a matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket be put ins empty. Therefore, for dynamic memory to work, each the CPU or the memory ascendency has to come along and recharge all of the capacitors holding a 1 before they discharge. To do this, the memory controller reads the memory and consequently writes it right back. This refresh operation happens automatically thousands of quantify per second. This refresh operation is where dynamic RAM gets its name. Dynamic RAM has to be dynamically refreshed all of the time or it forgets what it is holding.The downside of all of this refreshing is that it takes time and slows down the memory. Static RAM uses a completely varied t echnology. In static RAM, a form of flip-flop holds each bit of memory (see How Boolean Gates Work for incident on flip-flops). A flip-flop for a memory cell takes 4 or 6 transistors along with some wiring, but never has to be refreshed. This draw and quarters static RAM signifi derrieretly faster than dynamic RAM. However, because it has to a greater extent parts, a static memory cell takes a lot more space on a chip than a dynamic memory cell.Therefore you get less memory per chip, and that makes static RAM a lot more overpriced. So static RAM is fast and expensive, and dynamic RAM is less expensive and slower. Therefore static RAM is use to create the CPUs move-sensitive lay aside, while dynamic RAM forms the larger frame RAM space Inside This Article 1. Introduction to How Caching Works 2. A Simple Example out front squirrel away 3. A Simple Example After Cache 4. Computer Caches 5. Caching Subsystems 6. Cache Technology 7. locality of Reference 8. Lots More Information pic If you stand been shopping for a computer, then you have comprehend the word hive up. Modern computers have both L1 and L2 caches, and many now also have L3 cache. You may also have gotten advice on the topic from well-meaning friends, perhaps some subject like Dont buy that Celeron chip, it doesnt have any cache in it It turns out that caching is an important computer-science process that appears on every computer in a concoction of forms. There are memory caches, hardware and software disk caches, page caches and more. Virtual memory is nevertheless a form of caching.In this article, we will explore caching so you brush aside understand why it is so important. A Simple Example Before Cache Caching is a technology based on the memory subsystem of your computer. The important purpose of a cache is to accelerate your computer while keeping the price of the computer low. Caching allows you to do your computer tasks more rapidly. To understand the basic idea behind a cach e system, lets start with a super- unreserved example that uses a librarian to demonstrate caching concepts. Lets imagine a librarian behind his desk. He is there to give you the take holds you ask for.For the sake of simplicity, lets say you cant get the hold ups yourself you have to ask the librarian for any entertain you want to read, and he fetches it for you from a set of stacks in a storeroom (the library of relative in Washington, D. C. , is set up this modality). First, lets start with a librarian without cache. The rootage customer arrives. He asks for the book Moby Dick. The librarian goes into the storeroom, gets the book, returns to the previse and gives the book to the customer. Later, the thickening comes back to return the book. The librarian takes the book and returns it to the storeroom.He then returns to his counter waiting for another customer. Lets say the next customer asks for Moby Dick (you saw it coming ). The librarian then has to return to the st oreroom to get the book he recently handled and give it to the client. Under this model, the librarian has to make a complete round trip to fetch every book even very touristed ones that are requested frequently. Is there a way to improve the performance of the librarian? Yes, theres a way we can put a cache on the librarian. In the next section, well look at this same example but this time, the librarian will use a caching system.A Simple Example After Cache Lets give the librarian a backpack into which he will be able to store 10 books (in computer terms, the librarian now has a 10-book cache). In this backpack, he will put the books the clients return to him, up to a maximum of 10. Lets use the prior example, but now with our new-and-improved caching librarian. The day starts. The backpack of the librarian is empty. Our first client arrives and asks for Moby Dick. No magic here the librarian has to go to the storeroom to get the book. He gives it to the client. Later, the cli ent returns and gives the book back to the librarian.Instead of returning to the storeroom to return the book, the librarian puts the book in his backpack and stands there (he checks first to see if the bag is full more on that later). Another client arrives and asks for Moby Dick. Before difference to the storeroom, the librarian checks to see if this claim is in his backpack. He finds it All he has to do is take the book from the backpack and give it to the client. Theres no journey into the storeroom, so the client is served more efficiently. What if the client asked for a title not in the cache (the backpack)?In this case, the librarian is less efficient with a cache than without one, because the librarian takes the time to look for the book in his backpack first. One of the challenges of cache design is to minimize the affect of cache searches, and modern hardware has reduced this time delay to practically zero. Even in our simple librarian example, the latency time (the wa iting time) of searching the cache is so small compared to the time to head back to the storeroom that it is irrelevant. The cache is small (10 books), and the time it takes to notice a turn a loss is only a tiny fraction of the time that a journey to the storeroom takes.From this example you can see some(prenominal) important facts approximately caching Cache technology is the use of a faster but smaller memory type to accelerate a slower but larger memory type. When using a cache, you mustiness check the cache to see if an item is in there. If it is there, its called a cache hit. If not, it is called a cache miss and the computer must wait for a round trip from the larger, slower memory area. A cache has some maximum size that is much Computer Caches A computer is a machine in which we measure time in very small increments.When the microprocessor accesses the main memory (RAM), it does it in about 60 nanoseconds (60 billionths of a second). Thats pretty fast, but it is muc h slower than the typical microprocessor. Microprocessors can have cycle times as short as 2 nanoseconds, so to a microprocessor 60 nanoseconds seems like an eternity. What if we build a special memory bank in the motherboard, small but very fast (around 30 nanoseconds)? Thats already two times faster than the main memory access. Thats called a level 2 cache or an L2 cache. What if we build an even smaller but faster memory system directly into the microprocessors chip?That way, this memory will be accessed at the speed of the microprocessor and not the speed of the memory peck. Thats an L1 cache, which on a 233-megahertz ( megacycle per second) Pentium is 3. 5 times faster than the L2 cache, which is two times faster than the access to main memory. Some microprocessors have two levels of cache built right into the chip. In this case, the motherboard cache the cache that exists between the microprocessor and main system memory becomes level 3, or L3 cache. There are a lot of subs ystems in a computer you can put cache between many f them to improve performance. Heres an example. We have the microprocessor (the fastest thing in the computer). Then theres the L1 cache that caches the L2 cache that caches the main memory which can be used (and is often used) as a cache for even slower peripherals like hard disks and CD-ROMs. The hard disks are also used to cache an even slower medium your Internet connection The computer you are using to read this page uses a microprocessor to do its work. The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine, a boniface or a laptop.The microprocessor you are using might be a Pentium, a K6, a PowerPC, a Sparc or any of the many other brands and types of microprocessors, but they all do approximately the same thing in approximately the same way. If you have ever wondered what the microprocessor in your computer is doing, or if you have ever wondered about the differences between types of micro processors, then read on. In this article, you will learn how fairly simple digital logic techniques allow a computer to do its job, whether its playing a game or part checking a documentA microprocessor also known as a CPU or important processing unit is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a time). The 4004 powered one of the first takeout electronic calculators. pic Intel 8080 The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 808 8, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III to the Pentium 4.All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that ran on the master copy 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times faster Microprocessor Progression Intel The following table helps you to understand the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years. Name Date Transistors Microns Clock speed Data Microprocessor Progression Intel The following table helps you to understand the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years.Name Date Transistors Microns Clock speed Data width MIPS 8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0. 64 8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 16 bits 8-bit bus 0. 33 80286 1982 134,000 1. 5 6 MHz 16 bits 1 80386 1985 275,000 1. 5 16 MHz 32 bits 5 80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20 Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0. 8 60 MHz 32 bits 64-bit bus 100 Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0. 35 233 MHz 32 bits 64-bit bus 300 Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0. 25 450 MHz 32 bits 64-bit bus 510 Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0. 8 1. 5 GHz 32 bits 64-bit bus 1,700 Pentium 4 Prescott 2004 125,000,000 0. 09 3. 6 GHz 32 bits 64-bit bus 7,000 Compiled from The Intel Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide and TSCP Benchmark Scores Information about this table . rises. Clock speed is the maximum rate that the chip can be clocked at. Clock speed will make more sense in the next section. Data Width is the width of the ALU. An 8-bit ALU can add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can manipulate 32-bit numbers.An 8-bit ALU would have to execute four educational activitys to add two 32 -bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can do it in one instruction. In many cases, the external data bus is the same width as the ALU, but not always. The 8088 had a 16-bit ALU and an 8-bit bus, while the modern Pentiums fetch data 64 bits at a time for their 32-bit ALUs. MIPS stands for millions of instructions per second and is a rough measure of the performance of a CPU. Modern CPUs can do so many different things that MIPS ratings lose a lot of their meaning, but you can get a general sense of the relative power of the CPUs from this column.From this table you can see that, in general, there is a relationship between clock speed and MIPS. The maximum clock speed is a function of the manufacturing process and delays within the chip. There is also a relationship between the number of transistors and MIPS. For example, the 8088 clocked at 5 MHz but only executed at 0. 33 MIPS (about one instruction per 15 clock cycles). Modern processors can often execute at a rate of two instructions per clock cycle. That improvement is directly related to the number of transistors on the chip and will make more sense in the next section.

Alpen Bank: Launching the Credit Card in Romania

Alpen patois entering the Credit posting in Romania Written Analysis of Case Presented to Miss Tania Hassan Presented by * Case Overview Alpen patois has to make a crucial decision whether or not they should launch the character reference card personal line of credit in Romania. The bank had to come up with a market st rungy that nates gravel at least 5 million in pull in within 2 years. Prior to introduction of the credit card in the market the Bank has to analyze whether an opportunity exists for the launch of the credit card. It has to further shape how to position the card in the market, what should be the tar flap audience for the service.The bank has currently established a premium visualize by targeting the cockeyed strain. Core Problem Whether to launch credit card if it adds 5million profit to consumer bank segment within 2 years. The Alpen Bank seems hesitant to launch the credit card overdue to the existence of following problems * Low per-capita income leve ls. * The nation seemed inexperience with the usage of credit card. Consumer spending was cash ground and merchant acceptance of card payments was low. Analysis Opportunity Considering the economic and market conditions as explained in the compositors case, Alpen Bank should launch a credit card.It seems that Alpen Bank has an opportunity as economic environment in Romania had changed from 2006 later on it joined European Union. The economy thither was developing a growing trends of luxury purchasing emerged, there was also an increasing likeliness of using card instead of cash and lastly other competitors had already taken similar strategies in the market. The credit and debit card market of Romania is also seen to grow at a good pace of 35% in 2006 and about 9. 5million card were being use of goods and servicesd in the market. Apart from certain positives there are certain problems in credit card market too.People use cards generally for withdrawing cash rather than for buyi ng returns or services so there is slight revenue driven from transactions. make up merchants are still ignorant in accepting credit cards and prefer payments through cash Thus it shows that Alpen has an opportunity to cash on the credit card barely it would require efforts especially in marketing the card. Positioning Alpen Bank has established a premium image and reputation of serving the affluent clientele. The bank should decoct on its current strength rather than smashing into a new customer base.The affluent trend represents the top 10% of cosmos which has about 24% of wealth. They are priced little sensitive and thus side the card on high end would be beneficial for the bank. They are career oriented active professionals who would like to use their cards frequently for do purchases Moreover, for countries like Romania, it is seen that credit cards are somewhatstickier as compared to the developed countries. This shows that if Alpen positions its card as a high end product, it will gain a share of market which would stick to its card. The middle screen is also a potential market for the credit card.The middle class also has a commodious potential especially in terms of the size ofmarket however they are more price-focused and would alone welcome this new credit card ifthe interest rates are low. They also have amonthly income which supports them to have a credit card. Based on the attitudes of customers in other emerging economies it feces be said that customers in middle-income class have a lower actual utilization rate when comparedwith affluent class. If Alpen Bank currently emphasize on ladened class it would be safer for it rather than it focuses on middle class. As todays middle class may become affluent class of tomorrow.The decision whether to target affluent class or middle class depends on the revenue they apply solely or combined. The final objective of the analysis is to identify the profit generated if Alpen Bank serves Affl uent class solely or it serves both. For this purpose we have analyzed the financial data provided to us in the case. quarry Segment Annual Income %age of Potential Card Holders Potential Card Holders Annual revenue enhancement summarise Revenue Middle Class 3,000-4500 18. 2% 3385200 60. 63 205244676 Affluent 4500-6000 15% 2790000 123. 38 344230200 Most Affluent 6000+ 12. 9% 2399400 209. 5 503274150 Total 8574600 1052749026 Total Population Qualify for credit Card = 18. 6million Revenue Per Card Holder (all three classes) = 122. 78 Revenue Per Card Holder ( Affluent+ Most Affluent)=163. 31 In the above scenario we have first calculated the value of each segment. Given in the case is that the population of Cardholders is 18. 6 million. Through exhibit 5 we determine the percentage of potential cardholder for each segment fork over in the above table column 3. Through that we determine the Potential card holder. afterwards that we engender the population of each segment with that of annual revenue.After summing up the total revenue we divide once it with the population of combine three segments to derive Revenue Per card holder, and once with the population of Affluent + Most affluent to derive at the value of Revenue per card holder of affluent and most affluent. customer scholarship for All Customers Unit Cost Prospect Reached ResponseRate Qualification Rate Conversion Rate No. of Customer Total Cost Cost per Customer aim Mail 0. 50 2500000 3% 60% 85% 38250 1250000 32. 68 Take One 0. 10 2000000 2. 5% 30% 85% 12750 200000 15. 69 FSIs 0. 05 3500000 1. % 30% 85% 13388 175000 13. 07 Direct Sales 3000/rep 60000 25% 60% 85% 7650 3000 3. 92 Branch Cross-Sell 1 50000 50% 90% 85% 19125 50000 2. 61 91163 1710000 18. 75 No. of Customer= 2500000 * 0. 03 *0. 60* 0. 85 In case of Affluent Class the Number of Customer will be reduced by 50% for Direct Mail, Take One and FSIs so the cost per customer for Affluent class will be 18. 31 Profit Calculation All Customers 50,000 100,000 Revenue( 122. 78) 6,139,000 Revenue( 122. 78) 12,278,000 Acquisition Cost(18. 75) (937,500) Acquisition Cost(18. 5) (1,875,000) Direct Cost (20) (1,000,000) Direct Cost (17. 5) (875,000) Revenue 4,201,500 Revenue 9528000 Less Less Fixed Cost 5,000,000 Fixed Cost 5,750,000 advertize Expense 2,000,000 Advertising Expense 2,000,000 Total Profit/( Loss) (2,798,500) Total Profit/( Loss) 1,778,000 Through the above calculation of profit we can identify that makeeven is occurring in between 50,000 and 100,000 customers. So now we calculate the breakeven. X in the following formulae is off-key to be additional customers. 122. 78 ( X+ 50,000) ( 5,750,000+2,000,000) ( 50,000*17. 5 + 36. 5*X) =0 X= 28,758 Break Even = 50,000+ 28,758= 78,758 At 150,000 customers we are generating revenue of greater than 5million so to identify the no. customer at which we get 5million profit we develop the following formulae 122. 78( X+100,000)- ( 650,000+2,000,000) ( 100,000*15 + 33. 75*Y) = 5,000,000 No. Of Customer =130,574 We apply the equivalent process to the affluent class. Break Even 163. 31( X+ 50,000) ( 5,750,000 + 2,000,000) ( 50000* 17. 5 + 35. 81* X) = 0 X= 3,604 Break Even = 53,604 Revenue Analysis 163. 31 ( X+50,000) ( 6,500,000 + 2,000,000) ( 15*100,000 + 35. 81* X)= 5,000,000 X=42,820No. of Customer = 92,820 Recommendations After doing the further breakeven and revenue analysis we recommend ALPEN bank to launch credit Card. The Bank is able to generate the profit as required. The bank should Position Credit Card as a high-end premium product in the initial stages. Firstly it is easy for bank to cater the need of the existing customers. By positioning the product in the affluent class the Bank is able to reach breakeven point in less number of customers. After getting a strong foothold in the market the Bank should focus of targeting the middle class as they are affluent class of tomorrow.

Beard vs Graff

As an ex-marine and a supporter for increased personal independence, you take pride in offering customers a regeneration of helmets and accessories that get out the consumer to express themselves confidently.Without your creative vision, this company would not do the sales growth that it has had over the ears delinquent to your persistent work ethic. I am eager to continue to learn from you how to operate a productive independent business, as I wish to accomplish similar successes in the long run. The number of U. S. trading deaths has been on decreasing over the years however, more people are dying in ride crashes. 4,612 motorcyclists died in 2011, more than two times the amount in 1997.Out of the 4,612 lives taken from motorcycle accidents, around 750 could have been carry outd had the rider been wearing a DOT certified helmet. As you know, we have sold many bric-a-brac helmets over the years that o not meet DOT safety requirements, and these helmets provide no protection in a crash. Research has concluded that there is a 100-percent probability of brain injuries and skull fractures, indicating that these helmets are worn more for style rather than safety. As this issue becomes more prevalent in the media, customers allow begin to question whether price and style trump a lifesaving protective DOT helmet.As you have served in the military, you know how important each persons life is. With 800,000 novelty helmets being sold per year, imagine how many lives you ould save by excluding novelty helmets from our product sop up. Although this would be a large dislodge in our business strategy, this change washstand increase profits, limit motorcycle fatalities, and positively portray the morals of our fear that I can see you having with only selling DOT helmets is that profit margins would diminish.Yet, we can increase our bottom-line if we inform our customer al-Qaida of the extreme differences in protection that both helmets provide. Once our consume rs understand the importance of DOT helmets through statistics and estimonials of rate of flow customers whose lives were saved, we can incrementally increase these prices. Its also vital to note that with possible legislation being enacted that would ban novelty helmets and require all riders to wear DOT certified helmets, your company would be far more nimble for these changes than anyone else.Not to mention, in this litigation intense environment that we currently live in, banning novelty helmets from our product line would lower the probability of law suits exponentially. This is an opportune time to make a decision that will allow your company to grow for any years to come, and banning novelty helmets from your product line will be the right choice. You have always been extremely innovative, and with your leadership, we will continue to provide our customers with products that exceed our competitors efforts.I would like to ring up a meeting with you on Friday, November 1 5th so that we can go frontwards with this project, and discuss the changes that must be made to expand our profits. I am confident that you recognize the benefits of passing game forward with this idea, and I will see you on Friday to resolve any other concerns that you may have. Sincerely, Sales, merchandise Department

Separation of Church and State

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE formational scene neighborly intercourse sh solely make no jurisprudence respecting an establish manpowert of theology, or prohibiting the disengage deterrent example at that placeof or abridging the liberty of speech, or of the press or the mighty of the tidy sum peaceably to assemble, and to petition the G overnment for a redress of grievances (1st Amend). Executive Branch Context We should live our lives as though deliverer were coming this afternoon. Jimmy Carter I was humbled to learn that theology move His Son to die for a sinner like me. George W.BushWe hold these truths to be self-evident that wholly men be created mate that they ar empower by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these ar Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 coitusional Context Public Law 97-280 is a consequence that recognizes the run of the pl ayscript on the development of our province. Introduced as Senate plug in Resolution 165, with thirty-three co-sponsors, and as House Joint Resolution 487 with 219 co-sponsors, a request was delivered before Congress to honor the Bible as sanctum Scripture.The resolution suffered no amendments, no exclusions, no demands that it be stricken of sacred references. It became law. The 97th Congress of the coupled demesnes creati still tell 1983 the far-offmingal Year of the Bible. The bi elementisan document cognize as Public Law 97-280, was bell ringer on October 4, 1982 by Speaker of the House Thomas P. ONeill, chair of the Senate Pro Tempore Strom Thurmond, and Pre cheeknt of the United States Ronald Reagan.It reads as follows WHEREAS the Bible, the forge of theology, has make a unique contri however ifion in shaping the United States as a distinctive and blessed country and plurality WHEREAS deeply held ghostly convictions springing from the Holy Scriptures led to the offshoot solution of our Nation WHEREAS Biblical teachings inspired concepts of civil politics that ar contained in our Declaration of Independence and composing of the United States WHEREAS m some(prenominal) of our great national whizersamong them Presidents Washington, Jackson, Lincoln, and Wilsonp embolden tribute to the sur flip overing submit of the Bible in our countrys development, as in the enunciates of President Jackson that the Bible is the Rock on which our body politic rests WHEREAS the history of our Nation intelligibly illustrates the value of voluntarily applying the teachings of the Scriptures in the ives of individuals, families, and societies WHEREAS this Nation without delay faces great ch eitherenges that exit test this Nation as it has neer been tested before and WHEREAS that renewing our knowledge of and faith in god through Holy Scripture rear streng and consequently us as a nation and a peopleNOW, THEREFORE, be it Resolved by the Sen ate and House of Representatives of the United States of the States in Congress assembled, That the President is authorized and requested to material bodyate 1983 as a national Year of the Bible in recognition of virtu eithery(prenominal) the formative influence the Bible has been for our Nation, and our national learn to study and apply the teachings of the Holy Scriptures. Both sacrilegiousists and Christians in evangelism in America moldiness operate within the context of the controversy of the withdrawal of church service building and state. The State and church building ar in mutual consensus as consequenced in both the law of the land and in the law of immortal. By resolution of U. S. Congress ratified by President Reagan PL 97-280 our politics acknowledges the formative business office of the Bible in our State personal business the history of our Nation intelligibly illustrates the value of voluntarily applying the teachings of the Scriptures in the lives of i ndividuals, families, and societies. Likewise, scripture speaks to the church on this duty as a citizen entirelyow all person be pillow slip to the governing authorities. For there is no allowance except from God, and those that represent fool been instituted by God. at that placefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist go turn out incur judgment. For rulers are non a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you commence no fear of the ace who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you pass on receive his approval, for he is Gods servant for your good. just if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does non bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out Gods wrath on the wrongdoer.Therefore one moldiness(prenominal) be in subjection, non only to avoid Gods wrath but as well for the sake of conscience. For because of this you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, a ttending to this truly thing. Pay to all what is owed to them taxes to whom taxes are owed, revenue to whom revenue is owed, respect to whom respect is owed, honor to whom honor is owed. ( papists 131-7 ESV) The Americans combine the nonions of Christianity and of liberty so intimately in their understandings, that it is impossible to make them conceive the one without the separate. Alexis de Tocqueville The tendency of textbook authors has been to deny or denigrate the role of holiness in their depictions of the opening of the United States.Historians like Professor Eric Foner teach their students that the initiation Fathers were able to embrace progressive ideaslike granting immunity and equality because they viewed Christianity and the Bible as outdated superstitions that should be aban through with(p)d in the modern age. 1Eric Foner,Give Me Liberty,2005 edition, p. 145 The truth is very different. College history professors, like separate left wing extremists, are loa th to acknowledge that goodness has played a positive role in the development of this nation yet each honest portrayal of American history would deplete to acknowledge it. The rights and emancipations enshrined in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were, the Founders thought, quite literally sacred having been bestowed on the gentle race by God Himself.The American people of the late eighteenth century were more generally devout in their Christianity than the citizens of either other nation, and there is a intellectual for that. In America spiritual belief was non imposed on the people by presidency, it was freely chosen. Sincere ghostlike faith animate the founders and masses of this nation in ways that other nations of the world could non understand. Secular humanists and effete leftists who brood college history faculties, historical revisionists might be uncomfortable with the Biblical basis of Americas principles of freedom and equality, and might even sketch to keep the information from their students, but the facts remain what they are.Religious convictions provided the ideological underpinnings of the founding principles of this nation. dumbfound of judicial separation of church and State When the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States in 1831 and 1832, he re marked that there was no country in the whole world in which the Christian religious belief retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America (Tocqueville, p. 350). Tocqueville made it clear that while religion was an important part of the American character, spectral conformity was non. The Americans he met approached God as individuals. Unlike Europe, where citizens passively accepted whatever religious style their rulers might mandate, the Americans chose their own churches. The sects which exist in the United States are innumerable, said Tocqueville, they all differ in respect to the worship which is due from man to his Creator, but they all agree in respect to the duties which are due from man to man (p. 350). Tocqueville was observing and describing a new and powerful religious en henceiasm among American Protestants after a wave of religious revivals known as the Great Awakening. Religious rebirth gave some Americans a mooring in a fast changing world others determined to refashion their society, functional through new political parties to shape an agenda for the nation or through reform sleepers targeting a particular social evil.Although not all evangelicals agreed about(predicate) politics or even about what needed reform, religion was the lens through which they viewed events and sought change. The musical interval of Church and State also had a significant effect. The absence of a state church meant that in America m any(prenominal) sects would flourish. And since most churches and religious groups seduce been interested in maintaining their own orphanages, hospitals, aid socie ties, and other welfare institutions, these adopt abounded in America. Furthermore, the colossal experience of promoting social welfare through these and other voluntary associations may get to led Americans to olfaction that there was unique value in much(prenominal) private operations (Trattner, p. 42).Lord Bryce student of American affairs in 1888 observed In the working of active benevolence no country has surpassed, perhaps none has equaled, the United States. Not only are the sums collected for all sorts of philanthropic purposes magnanimousr relatively to the wealth of Americans than in any European country, but the amount of personal effort devoted to them seem to a European visitor to exceed what he knows at home (Trattner, p. 42). The Ramifications of the Separation of Church and State on America today Where does the debate begin? Since Jesus arrived in world history, the powers that be were either reward or threatened by his presence, though wise men from the eas t worshiped him, King Herod sought to work him killed.Jesus taught his disciples a principle that is compatible to the a musical interval of church and state to render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars and unto God the things that are Gods (Matthew 2215). The ruling authority of the Jews were at odds with Jesus. The Sanhedrin foment false charges to commence the greatest trial of all history where Jesus was asked by Pontius Pilate what is truth and though innocent he was condemned and executed by Roman crucifixion. A point in cadence of martyrdom and persecutions followed but the church continues to multiply until Emperor Constantine sees opportunity to unite his kingdom under the banner of the Cross and declared the Church to be the religion of the Roman Empire. Christendom as political authority is not immune from corruption.The church splits tocopherol (Greek) and wolfram (Latin) followed by the reformation, centuries are characterized by periods of turmoil, civil st rife, imperial conquest, witch hunts, wars of religion and persecutions, generated in large part by established churches determined to maintain their absolute political and religious supremacy. With the power of presidency complementing them, at various times and places, Catholics had persecuted Protestants, Protestants had persecuted Catholics, Protestant sects had persecuted other Protestant sects, Catholics of one shade of impression had persecuted Catholics of another shade of belief, and all of these had from time to time persecuted Jews (Everson baptistry).Protestants and Catholics denounced and persecuted each other as heretics and followers of Satan. Settlers in American Colonies Early settlers came from Europe to the colonies of America to escape the bondage of laws which compelled them to supporting and attend government-favored churches. In efforts to personnel office liegety to whatever religious group happened to be on top and in league with the government people could be put in jail for speaking disrespectfully of the views of ministers of government-established churches, non-attendance at those churches, flavors of nonbelief in their beliefs, and ruin to pay taxes and tithes to support them, fined, cruelly tortured, and killed. All commonplaceations, whether pamphlets or scholarly volumes, were subject to prior censorship by both church and state, a lot working pass away in hand (Redmond Lecture Two)(Macaulay, 320-22). Any stark student of history particularly Church history, will no doubt come to the conclusion that it is not workable when the state is running the church nor is it workable when the church is running the state. There are churches with imposts and views on both sides of the restoration. Confusion about detachment of church and state involves, in part, confusion about definitions, ill-advised expectations and unfounded fears. For example there is more clarity when we distinguish betwixt religion and morality in c ivil terms.The domain of religion involves duty to God. How could civil law make a ruling on a contract with God as a party? Clearly there is no lawful power over the unseen eternal God but earlier God does have authority over His founding. Morality involves our duty to one another and is within the jurisdiction of the civil courts. Our lawmakers usurp Gods sovereign authority if they presume to tell people how, when, or if to worship that would be legislating religion. plainly lawmakers are obliged to inform people how they should treat one another thats legislating morality. There is some overlap as in the great lie with command God tells us to love him and love one another as we love ourselves.And likewise in the law of the land, the fact is that inappropriate to popular opinion, all laws legislate morality in that set out what is morally right and wrong, and every law acceptedly declares a behavior wakeless/acceptable/right and its opposite illegal/ not acceptable/ wr ong. Although there are Christians on both sides of the headland of church v. state, the key concern is not whether we as a people can elect representatives to legislate morality but rather the underlying concern is Whose morality should we legislate? Rule of Law Certainly, in a representative democratic positive re normal, it is impossible to sustain a cohesive rule of law if each individual is permitted to tailor design their own personal cullence for what constitutes morality. In the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, the founders perhaps anticipated this dynamic.It should not be my morality that gets legislated or yours or one that is continually redefined and reinvented, but rather the one that is self-evident because it has been endowed on us by our Creator. When part of the Laws of Nature, we only hurt ourselves and others by suppressing those truths so we can do what we wish. Just as there is Social Darwinism there is also a legal Darwinism. Throughout westbound history until the second half of the nineteenth century, the idea of a higher moral law prevail European and American law. This mainstream tradition lasted as the main initiate of legal thought until the rise of phylogenesisary thinking in the nineteenth century. In particular, the idea that human law must be subject to some objective moral standards tarted to be more deeply challenged when Darwins theory of biological evolution was interpreted as implying the non-existence of God and accordingly, of God-given law and rights (http//creation. com/evolutionary-legal-theories). Marriage as an Example of Moral Law For a thousands of years, we have legislated the self-evident truth that men are meant for women. Now suddenly homosexuals coherent critical of conservatives for act to legislate moralityare trying to legislate their own morality in the form of same-sex marriage. They want to ignore self-evident truths and impose their own invented morality on the ideal country. The Defense of Marriage toy is passed and upheld on appeal but then not honored by the President but rather he profers a different view of marriage.These conflicts of law are generating a confused moral cloth of typesetters issues, law, tradition and belief without any authority adequately endowed with sufficient credibility to serve as the premier lawgiver. For Congress and States the question is this Should they continue to legislate the inherited morality that nurtures the next generation ( lifelike marriage), or the invented one that entices it to destruction (same-sex marriage)? Some states come passel without wavering, some waver. The answer used to be considered to be self-evident. To aid in their analysis the compulsive courtroom has constructed a legal principle that the Constitution requires a strict separation of church and state.The concept of separation should not be cons true upd as mutual exclusivity as a starting signal footfall in a divorce process, not fre edom from religion but rather in the giving of ample space to thrive as separate but equal partners in freedom of religion. Churches and the Bible teach that murder, rape, and child abuse are wrong, and no one says laws prohibiting such(prenominal) acts are a violation of the separation of church and state. In fact, if the government could not pass laws consistent with church or biblical teachings, then all criminal laws would have to be disturbed because they are all in some way consistent with at least one of the x Commandments as standards of ethical values. With respect to this issue of marriage for example, there are churches on both sides of this issue.In other words,some churches materially support same-sex marriage. So if there is a strict separation of church and state, then one position should prevent the converse. If one cannot put male-female marriage forward then one shouldnt be able to put the pro-same-sex marriage position into law either, right? The revolutionary settlement at last promoted the radical idea that the church and state ought to be separated. Prior to 1776, Rhode Island, New island of Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware had allowed full religious liberty. They had done so because local diversity made any other policy impossible or because of an ideological commitment to religious freedom.Other colonies followed the more common practice in Europe, with established churches endorsed by the government and back up by public taxes. Although civil authorities grudgingly tolerated dissenters such as Methodists and Baptists in those colonies,, their numbers were increase rapidly. On the eve of the Revolution, they noisily pressed their baptistery for full religious liberty. With independence, pressure built for rift all ties between church and state. Isaac Backus, the most out intercommunicate of New Englands Baptists, protested that many, who are filling the nation with the cry of liberty and against oppressors are at the same ti me themselves violating that dearest of all rights, liberty or conscience. much(prenominal) arguments were proveed by the belief that throughout history, alliances between government and church authorities had brought religious oppression, and that voluntary choice was the only estimable basis for religious association. In New England, Congregationalists fought to preserve their large established privileges. To separate church and state, they argued, was to risk infidelity and disorder. Massachusetts 1780 presidency guaranteed everyone the right to worship God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience. barely it also empowered the legislative assembly to require towns to tax their residents to support local ministers.Backus argued that official support should be ended completely religious toleration, he insisted, fell far short of true religious freedom. Not until 1833 were laws linking church and state in the end repealed in Massachusetts (Nash, 192). In Virginia, Baptists pressed their cause against the Protestant Episcopal Church, successor to the Church of England. The bankers acceptance in 1786 of Thomas Jeffersons Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, rejecting all connections between church and state and removing all religious tests for public office, decisively settled the issue. Three years later, that rule served as a mystify for the early Amendment to the new national Constitution. But even the most ardent supporters of religious freedom were not prepared to extend it worldwidely.The wartime alliance with Catholic France together with Congressional efforts, to entice Catholic settlers in Quebec to join the resistance against Britain had weakened long- established prejudices. Still, anti-Catholic biases remained strong, especially in New England. The people of Northbridge, Massachusetts, wanted to exclude Roman Catholics, pagons, or Mahomitents from public office. The legal separation of church an d state did not end religious diversity , but it implanted the principle of religious freedom firmly in American law. Originally, the first-class honours degree Amendment utilise only to the national official official government. A number of the states effectively had established churcheswhen the First Amendment was ratified, with some remaining into the early nineteenth century.In the United States, the controversial topic of the interrelationship between church and state is set fore in a legal conceptual framework as well as an unwritten tradition of mutual consensus and understanding between the Church and State both on a federal as well as a state and local level. Following the passage of the Thirteenth to Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution at the end of the Civil War, the independent Court would hear hundreds of cases involving conflicts over the constitutionality of laws passed by the states. The decisions in these cases were often criticized as resulting more fro m the biases of the individual Justices than the applicable rule of law or constitutional duty to cherish individual rights. In 1947, in the case Everson v.Board of Education, Supreme Court by Justice Black rule that the presidential term clause of the First Amendment erected a, groyne of separation between church and state which the Court found means that the government cannot recruit in the affairs of a religious group, set up a church, aid or prefer one religion over another, or aid or prefer religion over non-religion. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach. The separation of church and state enunciate which they invoked, and which has today become so familiar, was taken from an exchange of letters between President Thomas Jefferson and the Baptist sleeper of Danbury, Connecticut, shortly after Jefferson became President which we will consider further. First we must glean the premier casselaw on topic and Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U. S. 1 (1947) was landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which applied the Establishment Clause in the countrys Bill of Rights to State law. Prior to this decision the First Amendment words, Congress shall make no law respecting an introduction of religion imposed limits only on the federal government, while many states continued to grant certain religious denominations legislative or effective privileges. This was the first Supreme Court case incorporating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment as binding upon the states through the receivable Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. The decision in Everson marked a turning point in the interpretation and application of disestablishment law in the modern era.The case was brought by a New Jersey taxpayer against a tax funded school district that provided reimbursement to parents of both public and private schooled children taking the public conveyancing system to school. The taxpayer conten ded that reimbursement given for children attending private religious schools violated the constitutional prohibition against state support of religion, and the taking of taxpayers money to do so violated the constitutions Due Process Clause. The Justices were split over the question whether the New Jersey policy constituted support of religion, with the majority concluding these reimbursements were separate and so indisputably marked off from the religious function that they did not violate the constitution.However, both affirming and dissenting Justices were decisive that the Constitution necessitate a sharp separation between government and religion and their strongly worded opinions paved the way to a series of later court decisions that taken together brought about profound changes in legislation, public education, and other policies involving matters of religion. Both Justice Hugo Blacks majority opinion and Justice Wiley Rutledges dissenting opinion defined the First Amendme nt religious clause in terms of a wall of separation between church and state. aft(prenominal) repealing a former ban, a New Jersey law authorized payment by local school boards of the costs of transportation to and from schools including private schools.Of the private schools that benefited from this policy, 96% were parochial Catholic schools. Arch R. Everson, a taxpayer in Ewing Township, filed a lawsuit alleging that this indirect aid to religion through the mechanism of reimbursing parents and students for costs incurred as a result of attending religious schools violated both the New Jersey state constitution and the First Amendment. After a loss in the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals, then the states highest court, Everson appealed to the U. S. Supreme Court on stringently federal constitutional grounds. Arguments were heard on November 20, 1946. The 5-4 decision was handed down on February 10, 1947.The Court, through Justice Hugo Black, ruled that the state bill wa s constitutionally permissible because the reimbursements were offered to all students irrespective of religion and because the payments were made to parents and not any religious institution. Perhaps as important as the actual outcome, though, was the interpretation given by the entire Court to the Establishment Clause. It reflected a broad interpretation of the Clause that was to guide the Courts decisions for decades to come. It was not until the twentieth century that theSupreme Courtbegan to interpret the Establishment and Free coif Clauses in such a manner as to restrict the promotion of religion by the states. In the Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village coach dominion v.Grumet (1994), JusticeDavid Souter, writing for the majority, concluded that government should not prefer one religion to another, or religion toirreligion. Documents consistently cited by the Supreme Court Justices were the commemoration and Remonstrance by James Madison and an Act Establishing Reli gious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson. The case of Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) for the first time in the nations history determined that the Amendments religion clauses apply to state and local laws. Cantwell employed what has come to be labeled the incorporation doctrine. Using this doctrine, the justices in Cantwell found in favor of extending free exercise protection to members of the Jehovahs Witnesses in Connecticut.Justice Roberts wrote, The Fourteenth Amendment has rendered the legislative assemblys of the states as incompetent as Congress to enact such laws. A few months later in Minersville v. Gobitis, the court determined that even with the incorporation doctrine Jehovahs Witnesses were not protected from corrective action when they abstained from pledging allegiance to the flag in public school ceremonies. Then, three years later with twain new justices appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt the court reversed itself in its decision in West Virginia v. Barnette. This was the first in a long line of cases in which the court so fashioned the free exercise clause of the First Amendment. Justice Robert Jackson writing for he majority concluded If there is any star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or ride citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us. In 1948 Justice Hugo Black in the case of McCollum v. Board of Education, drawing upon the historical reasoning in Everson v. Board of Education, the Court acted to apply the establishment clause to declare unconstitutional an Illinois State law that permitted religious groups to use public school classrooms during school hours to teach religion. These two watershed decisions have proven remarkably resilient as guideposts for cases that have followed.In the building of case precedents the judges have relied to a great extent upon the actions and words of two of the nations founders, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. The focus has been upon Madisons role in wording the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 concerning free exercise, his critical involvement in the passage of Jeffersons Bill of Establishing Religious Freedom in Virginia in 1785-86, and his leadership in pressing for travel alongion of the religion clauses in the First Amendment to the Constitution. The Court has consistently offered opinions which have been tied to Jeffersons 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptist Association in which he affirmed that the religion clauses built a wall of separation between church and state. The establishment of religion clause of the First Amendment means at least this Neither a state nor the Federal disposal can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions or prefer one religion over another. Neither can t hrow nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion. No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs, for church attendance or non-attendance. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion.Neither a state nor the Federal Government can, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa. In the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between Church and State. (330 U. S. 1, 15-16). Justice Wiley Rutledge argued that When the funds used were raised by revenue, the Court does not dispute nor could it that their use does in fact give aid and encouragement to religious instructio n. It only concludes that this aid is not support in law. But Madison and Jefferson were concerned with aid and support in fact not as a legal conclusion entangled in precedents. In this case, parents pay money to stake their children to parochial schools and funds raised by taxation are used to reimburse them. This not only helps the children to get to school and the parents to send them. It aids them in a substantial way to get the very thing which they are sent to the particular school to secure, namely, religious training and teaching. (330 U. S. 1, 45). Having invoked Thomas Jeffersons metaphor of the wall of separation in the Everson decision, the lawmakers and courts have struggled how to balance governments dual duty to satisfy both the non-establishment clause and the free exercise clause contained in the language of the amendment.The majority and dissenting Justices in Everson split over this very question, with Rutledge in the minority by insisting that the Constitution forbids every form of public aid or support for religion. precept and Rule of Law often applied in Court precedent is found in the case of Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 344 U. S. 94 (1952) Its ruling is summed up in these words In this country the full and free right to entertain any religious belief, to practice any religious principle, and to teach any religious doctrine which does not violate the laws of morality and property, and which does not infringe personal rights, is conceded to all. The law knows no heresy, and is committed to the support of no dogma, the establishment of no sect.The right to organize voluntary religious associations to assist in the expression and dissemination of any religious doctrine, and to create tribunals for the decision of contr unfasteneded questions of faith within the association, and for the ecclesiastical government of all the individual members, congregations, and officers within the general association, is unquestioned. All who uni te themselves to such a body do so with an implied consent to this government, and are bound to submit to it. But it would be a vain consent and would lead to the total subversion of such religious bodies, if any one aggrieved by one of their decisions could appeal to the unconsecrated courts and have them reversed.It is of the essence of these religious unions, and of their right to establish tribunals for the decision of questions arising among themselves, that those decisions should be binding in all cases of ecclesiastical cognizance, subject only to such appeals as the organism itself provides for. (13 Wall. at pages 728 729, 20 L. Ed. 666). The election of Jefferson Americas first Anti-Federalist President elated many Baptists since that denomination, by-and-large, was also strongly Anti-Federalist. This political disposition of the Baptists was understandable, for from the early settlement of Rhode Island in the 1630s to the time of the federal Constitution in the 1780s, the Baptists had often found themselves suffering from the centralization of power.Consequently, now having a President who not only had championed the rights of Baptists in Virginia but who also had advocated clear limits on the centralization of government powers, the Danbury Baptists wrote Jefferson a letter of praise on October 7, 1801, telling him Among the many millions in America and Europe who jump for joy in your election to office, we embrace the first opportunity . . . to express our great satisfaction in your involvement to the Chief Magistracy in the United States. . . . We have reason to believe that Americas God has raised you up to fill the Chair of State out of that goodwill which He bears to the millions which you preside over. May God strengthen you for the arduous task which providence and the voice of the people have called you. . . And may the Lord preserve you safe from every evil and bring you at last to his Heavenly Kingdom through Jesus Christ our Gloriou s Mediator. However, in that same letter of congratulations, the Baptists also expressed to Jefferson their grave concern over the entire concept of the First Amendment, including of its guarantee for the free exercise of religion Our sentiments are uniformly on the side of religious liberty that religion is at all times and places a matter between God and individuals, that no man ought to suffer in name, person, or effects on account of his religious opinions, and that the legitimate power of civil government extends no further than to punish the man who works ill to his neighbor. But sir, our constitution of government is not specific. . . Therefore what religious privileges we know (as a minor part of the State) we enjoy as favors granted, and not as inalienable rights. In short, the inclusion of protection for the free exercise of religion in the constitution suggested to the Danbury Baptists that the right of religious expression was government-given (thus alienable) rather th an God-given (hence inalienable), and that therefore the government might someday attempt to regulate religious expression. This was a possibility to which they strenuously objected-unless, as they had explained, someones religious practice caused him to work ill to his neighbor. Jefferson understood their concern it was also his own.In fact, he made many declarations about the constitutional softness of the federal government to regulate, restrict, or interfere with religious expression. For example No power over the freedom of religion . . . is delegated to the United States by the Constitution. Kentucky Resolution, 1798(Foley, p. 179). Wesley does not endorse the separation of church and state, understood in the Jeffersonian sense. He expects the churches and the government to cooperate with one another. This follows from his firm faith in particular providence and from his creation of the state. All of creation, including the realm of politics, is governed by Divine Providen ce.God rules the nations according to that higher law which expresses his very nature. He causes the righteous nations to flourish and the disobedient ones to decline and decay. Victory, peace, and bountiful provisions are signs that a nations conduct is pleasing to God. Adversity, such as defeat in battle or drought and famine, is a mark of his indignation. Disaster is also a warning and a call to repentance. The wicked nation which heeds the call and turns from its sinful ways will live. The obdurate will continue to suffer. In matters of religion, I have considered that its free exercise is placed by the Constitution independent of the powers of the general federal government.Second Inaugural Address, 18054. Annals of the Congress of the United States published by Authority of Congress, 1899, Vol. I, p. 379, display 4, 1805. Our excellent Constitution . . . has not placed our religious rights under the power of any public functionary. garner to the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1 808 (Thomas Jefferson,Writings of Thomas Jefferson,Albert Ellery Bergh, editor (Washington D. C. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), Vol. I, p. 379, March 4, 1805. I consider the government of the United States as interdicted (prohibited) by the Constitution from intermeddling with religious institutions . . . or exercises. Letter to Samuel Millar, 1808.Thomas Jefferson,Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, From the Papers of Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor (Boston Gray and Bowen, 1830), Vol. IV, pp. 103-104, to the Rev. Samuel Millar on January 23, 1808. Thomas Jefferson,Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, From the Papers of Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor (Boston Gray and Bowen, 1830), Vol. IV, pp. 103-104, to the Rev. Samuel Millar on January 23, 1808. Jefferson believed that the government was to be powerless to interfere with religious expressions for a very simple reason he had long witnessed the unhealthy tendency of government to encroach upon the free exercise of religion.As he explained to Noah Webster It had become an universal and near uncontroverted position in the several States that the purposes of society do not require a surrender of all our rights to our ordinary governors . . . and which experience has neertheless proven the government will be constantly encroaching on if submitted to them that there are also certain fences which experience has proved peculiarly efficacious against wrong and rarely obstructive of right, which yet the governing powers have ever shown a disposition to weaken and remove. Of the first kind, for instance, is freedom of religion. (Jefferson,Writings, Vol. VIII, p. 112-113, to Noah Webster on December 4, 1790). Thomas Jefferson had no emotional stateion of allowing the government to limit, restrict, regulate, or interfere with public religious practices.He believed, along with the other Founders, that the First Amendment had been enactedonlyto preve nt the federal establishment of a national denomination a fact he made clear in a letter to fellow-signer of the Declaration of Independence benjamin Rush The clause of the Constitution which, while it secured the freedom of the press, covered also the freedom of religion, had given to the clergy a very favorite hope of obtaining an establishment of a particular form of Christianity through the United States and as every sect believes its own form the true one, every one perhaps hoped for his own, but especially the Episcopalians and Congregationalists.The returning good sense of our country threatens stillbirth to their hopes and they believe that any portion of power confided to me will be exerted in opposition to their schemes. And they believe rightly. (Jefferson, Writings, Vol. III, p. 441, to Benjamin Rush on family 23, 1800). President Jefferson was committed to preventing the establishment of a particular form of Christianity whether Episcopalians or Congregationalists or any other as is evidenced in his reply to the Danbury Baptists on January 1, 1802 with assurance that they did not need to be afraid because their free exercise of religion wouldneverbe interfered with by the federal government.Gentlemen, The affectionate sentiments of esteem and approbation which you are so good as to express towards me on behalf of the Danbury Baptist Association give me the highest satisfaction. . . . Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship that the legislative powers of government reach actions only and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State.Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties. I reciprocate your kind appealingnesss for the protection and blessing of the common Father and Creator of man, and tender you for yourselves and your religious association assurances of my high respect and esteem. 9 9. Jefferson,Writings, Vol. XVI, pp. 281-282, to the Danbury Baptist Association on January 1, 1802. Jeffersons reference to natural rights invoked an important legal phrasal idiom which was part of the rhetoric of that day and which reaffirmed his belief that religious liberties were inalienable rights. While the phrase natural rights communicated much to people then, to most citizens today those words mean little.By definition, natural rights included that which the Books of the Law and the Gospel do contain. 10That is, natural rights inco rporated what God Himself had guaranteed to man in the Scriptures. Thus, when Jefferson assured the Baptists that by following their natural rights they would violatenosocial duty, he was affirming to them that the free exercise of religion was their inalienable God-given right and therefore was protected from federal regulation or interference. So clearly did Jefferson understand the Source of Americas inalienable rights that he even doubted whether America could survive if we ever lost that knowledge.He queried And can the liberties of a nation be thought secure if we have lost the only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with His wrath? Jefferson believed that God, not government, was the Author and Source of our rights and that the government, therefore, was to be prevented from interference with those rights. Very simply, the fence of the Webster letter and the wall of the Danbury let ter werenotto limit religious activities in public rather they were to limit the power of the government to prohibit or interfere with those expressions. Earlier courts long understood Jeffersons intent. In fact, when Jeffersons letter was invoked by the Supreme Court (only twice prior to the 1947Eversoncase the Reynolds v.United Statescase in 1878), unlike todays Courts which publish only his eight-word separation phrase, that earlier Court published Jeffersons entire letter and then concluded Coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it Jeffersons letter may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the Amendment thus secured. Congresswas deprived of alllegislative powerover mere religious opinion, but was left free toreach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order. (Thomas Jefferson,Notes on the State of Virginia(Philadelphia Matthew Carey, 1794), Query XVIII, p. 237).Th at Court then succinctly summarized Jeffersons intent for separation of church and state The rightful purposes of civil government are for its officers to interfere when principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order. In this . . . is found the true distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State. With this even the Baptists had agreed for while wanting to see the government prohibited from interfering with or constrictive religious activities, they also had declared it a legitimate function of government to punish the man who works ill to his neighbor. That Court, therefore, and others (for example,Commonwealth v. Nesbitand Lindenmuller v. The People), identified actions into which if perpetrated in the name of religion the governmentdidhave legitimate reason to intrude.Those activities included human sacrifice, polygamy, bigamy, concubinage, incest, infanticide, parricide, advocation and promotion of immorality, etc. Such acts, even if perpetrated in the name of religion, would be stop by the government since, as the Court had explained, they were subversive of good order and were overt acts against peace. However, the government wasneverto interfere withtraditionalreligious practices outlined in the Books of the Law and the Gospel whether public prayer, the use of the Scriptures, public acknowledgements of God, etc. Therefore, if Jeffersons letter is to be used today, let its context be clearly given as in previous years.Furthermore, earlier Courts had always viewed Jeffersons Danbury letter for just what it was apersonal,privateletter to a specific group. There is probably no other instance in Americas history where words spoken by a single individual in a private letter words clearly divorced from their context have become the sole authorization for a national policy. Finally, Jeffersons Danbury letter should never be invoked as a stand-alone document. A proper analysis of Jeffersons views must inc lude his numerous other asseverations on the First Amendment. Jefferson also declared that the power to prescribe any religious exercise. . . .must rest with the States.Nevertheless, the federal courts ignore this succinct declaration and choose rather to misuse his separation phrase to strike down scores of State laws which encourage or facilitate public religious expressions. Such rulings against State laws are a direct violation of the words and intent of the very one from whom the courts aver to derive their policy. One further note should be made about the now infamous separation dogma. The Congressional Recordsfrom June 7 to September 25, 1789, record the months of discussions and debates of the 90 Founding Fathers who framed the First Amendment. Significantly, not only was Thomas Jefferson not one of those ninety who framed the First Amendment, but also, during those debates not one of those ninety Framers ever mentioned the phrase separation of church and state. It seems logical that if this had been the intent for the First Amendment as is so frequently asserted-then at least one of those ninety who framed the Amendment would have mentioned that phrase none did. In summary, the separation phrase so frequently invoked today was rarely mentioned by any of the Founders and even Jeffersons explanation of his phrase is diametrically opposed to the manner in which courts apply it today. In its first hundred years then of the United States, the Supreme Court interpreted the Constitutions Bill of Rights as a limit on federal government and considered the states bound only by those rights granted to its citizens by their own state constitutions.Because the federal laws during this period were remote influences at most on the personal affairs of its citizens, minimal attention was paid by the Court to how those provisions in the federal Bill of Rights were to be interpreted. Separation of church and state presently means almost exactly the opposite of what it originally meant. The First Amendment affords freedom of religion, not freedom from religion. The U. S. Senate opens its sessions with prayer by an official chaplain. While that may be good in the eyes of most religious people in the United States, it does little to change the fundamentally secular process by which Congress works. At no point may a members beliefs intrude into the deliberations in an overt wayeven if they happen to represent the religious sentiments of the majority of a legislators constituents.Privatization of religion goes far beyond the so-called separation of church and state, which is also a manifestation of secularity. In almost every sphere of public policy-making, from the highest echelons of government down to the local neighborhood arts council, it is considered inappropriate to raise the issue of God seriously (Spickard, p. 344). In the modern Western world most peoples lives are much more this worldly in the sense that the solutions to lifes problems , both large and small, are sought in technology and psychology. Even many Christians see the world as a pert place in the sense that God is relegated to heaven and a few sacred places, such as the church.The world goes on, and life can be lived quite successfully, with or without God. The seeds of this secularity were sown in the unbelievably unhealthful religious conflict of the 17th century known as the Thirty Years War. This war was part a result of the Reformation, and it turned Europe into a slaughterhouse. Some scholars estimate that one-half the population of the unadulterated was killed, starved, or sent into exile during the war. As a result, many of the educated elite of Europe became let down with revealed religion and dogmatic theology. They concluded that the religious conflicts of the Reformation gave rise to the chaos and destruction.Enlightenment thinkers believed that if society was to avoid such wars in the future and recover unity, it must base its common li fe and public institutions on purely nonsectarian, rational philosophies. Critics of traditional Christianity, such as Francois Marie de Voltaire (1694-1778), heaped literary scorn on the kind of dogmatic arguments and sectarian power- struggles that led to the religious wars of the 17th century. Volaire promoted a kind of generic religion based on universal religious truths and moral ideas he called theism. This natural religion, based entirely on reason, came also to be known as deism belief in a god stripped of all supernaturally revealed doctrines and boom trappings of the formal church.Many men of letters and leaders of European and American culture adopted this secularized religion during the 18th century and attempted to make it part of the basis for a new order in Western society (Spickard). deception Wesley was of the opinion that the paramount duty of any government is to hold in check the wild and rebellious human beings who live under its rule. God has authorized the use of force to preserve the peace and punish the disobedient. But Wesley knew that force has its limits, especially since coercion injures the body but leaves the mind unchanged. If the nation is to be truly righteous, the citizens must acquire the habits of deference and compliance, and learn to control their appetites and feelings.Governments depend upon other social institutions, including the churches, to form these habits and impart these lessons. The state, in turn, protects the churches and supports their efforts, for example, by granting them tax relief. Wesley to which the Church of the Nazarene agrees taught the Methodists to be loyal citizens and to obey the laws of the land. The commission of a crime would cost a man his membership in a Methodist society, it is on an individual case basis in the Church of the Nazarene. The Continental Congress, followed by the First Federal Congress, said that religion, morality, and knowledge are necessary to good government and the ha ppiness of mankind. Wesley would endorse this statement wholeheartedly. Because caselaw depends upon prior legal cases that bind the next court in a similar fact ideal to the extent a reasonable person would expect to be fair and equal from court to court, provided the cases are from a higher court or within the same jurisdiction, then caselaw tends to erode over time fragmenting into different exceptions in a kind in a way that is more consistent with Darwinian influences of the rational mind of the human animal as if in some long term legal experiment with a hypothesis being tested and retested each time further restricting the freedom at hand in this case religious liberty. Another factor to consider is that many secular humanists are so anxious to erase Christianity altogether that they disregard the wall.The wall is supposed to work to protect religious express not to reduce it further and further until there is no public evidence of any faith expression. The constitutional cl ause is just as much that the government will not interfere and most early cases were from this side of the wall. Recently the caselaw has been from the other side that interprets every visible sign as promoting religion whether a cross on the roadway, 1O Commandments on a classroom wall, a public nativity display, prayer in school, carrying a Bible, etc. When the moral majority and other Christian legal activism on social issues of spontaneous abortion for example were fought so passionately, often the Christian activist forgot to be sympathize with and let the cause get ahead of the Gospel.Legal activism has its appropriate arena. That arena is not carrying placards in front of an abortion clinic but rather offering options in an alternate social solution. That is not to say that the wall should not also at times be invisible in that sometimes a church ought to be available for a poll booth just as a courthouse should be open for a religious ceremony when the occasion warrants. In rendering to our government Caesar the things that are Caesars and to our God the things that are Gods we have two allegiances that need not be conflicting, so that one can be both a patriotic American and entirely sanctified Christian devoted to God and country.This is the constitutional paradigm around which the walls of separation inform and lend moral ethical standards over time to caselaw so that it does not take that slippery downward Darwinian style erosion for lack of any absolute moral code. Separation of Church and State empowers both the Church and the State when properly so applied, it is not intended to be freedom from religion but freedom of religion just as one does not step into a church free from the country as if stepping into an embassy of a foreign territory. 25% of all quotes in documents of the founding fathers were from the Bible, they had no fear of the Bible or of the Church.The presence of a paid Chaplain is evidence as well that there was respect of the presence of God who could bless the work. At the present time the wall of separation still exists but it is being reassembled into a sledgehammer to hit away at the church. Christians need to love people but hold fast to the faith and stand resolved on the Word of God as authoritative law as much as the Constitution or any regulation of the State. ADDENDUM 1 Preconstituional Letters of Legal Reference establishing legislative history from which intent may be inferred Letter of October 7, 1801, from Danbury (CT) Baptist Association to Thomas Jefferson, from the Thomas Jefferson Papers Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia, John P.Foley, editor (New York Funk & Wagnalls, 1900), p. 977 see also Documents of American History, Henry S. Cummager, editor (NY Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. , 1948), p. 179. Annals of the Congress of the United States (Washington Gales and Seaton, 1852, Eighth Congress, Second Session, p. 78, March 4, 1805 see also James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (Published by Authority of Congress, 1899), Vol. I, p. 379, March 4, 1805. Jefferson, Thomas. Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Albert Ellery Bergh, editor (Washington D. C. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), Vol. I, p. 379, March 4, 1805. Jefferson, Thomas.Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, From the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor (Boston Gray and Bowen, 1830), Vol. IV, pp. 103-104, to the Rev. Samuel Millar on January 23, 1808. Jefferson, Writings, Vol. VIII, p. 112-113, to Noah Webster on December 4, 1790. Jefferson, Writings, Vol. III, p. 441, to Benjamin Rush on September 23, 1800. Jefferson, Writings, Vol. XVI, pp. 281-282, to the Danbury Baptist Association on January 1, 1802. Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia (Philadelphia Matthew Carey, 1794), Query XVIII, p. 237. ADDENDUM 2 United States First Amendment Caselaw Es tablishment ClausePublic funding Everson v. Board of Education 330 U. S. 1 (1947) McCollum v. Board of Education 333 U. S. 203 (1948) in this case the Supreme Court ruled that Illinois public school practice of allowing Protestant, R. C. and Jewish faith groups to give religious instruction to students during school at the same time allowing others to opt out, was found to violate the First Amendment. Walz v. Tax Commission 397 US 664 (1970) The Court held that grants of tax right to religious organizations was far less of an involvement than would be created by taxation of churches, and the effect of the exemptions was thus not an excessive government entanglement with religion.The grant of a tax exemption was not sponsorship of the organizations because the government did not transfer part of its revenue to churches but simply abstained from demanding that the churches support the state. bum v. Kurtzman 403 US 602 (1971) The Court ruled that a Pennsylvania School Law to reimburs e nonpublic broadly speaking Catholic schools for the salaries of teachers who taught secular curriculum violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Courts decision in this case established the Lemon test consisting of three prongs (1) the governments action must have a secular legislative purpose (2) the governments action must not have the primary effect of either advancing or inhibiting religion (3) the governments action must not result in an excessive government entanglement with religion.If any of these 3 prongs are violated, the governments action is deemed unconstitutional under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. marshland v. Chambers 463 US 783 (1983) held government funding for chaplains was constitutional because of the unique history of the United States as show by the fact that three days before the ratification of the 1st Amendment, containing the Establishment clause, the federal legislature authorize d hiring a chaplain for opening sessions with prayer. Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994) The court held that the creation of a school district designed to coincide with the neighborhood boundaries of a religious group constitutes an unconstitutional aid to religion. Agostini v.Felton 521 US 203 (1997) In this case, the Court overruled a previous decision now finding that it was not a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment for a state-sponsored education initiative to allow public school teachers to instruct at religious schools, so long as the material was secular and unbiassed in nature and no excessive entanglement between government and religion was apparent. This case is notable in a broader sense as a sign of evolving judicial standards surrounding the First Amendment, and the changes that have occurred in modern Establishment Clause jurisprudence. Mitchell v. Helms 530 US 793 (2000) The Court ruled that it was per missible for loans to be made to religious schools under Chapter 2 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981. The government may now provide aid to religious groups as long as such aid advances some legitimate non-religious purpose and is granted in the same manner to non-religious groups. Zelman v.Simmons-Harris 536 US 639 (2002) upheld school vouchers of Ohio under the Private selection Test developed by the court, for a voucher program to be constitutional it must pertain all of the following criteria the program must have a valid secular purpose, aid must go to parents and not to the schools, a broad class of beneficiaries must be covered, the program must be neutral with respect to religion, and there must be adequate nonreligious options. Locke v. Davey 540 US 712 (2004) upheld the constitutionality of a Washington in public funded scholarship program which excluded students pursuing a degree in theology. Arizona Christian School guardianship Organization v .Winn (2011) A group of Arizona taxpayers challenged a state law that provides tax credits to people who donate to school tuition organizations that in turn provide scholarships to students who want to attend private or religious schools. The Supreme Court found that any damages or harm claimed by the taxpayers by virtue of simply being a taxpayer would be pure speculation because the issue at hand was a tax credit and not a government expenditure. Public displays Lynch v. Donnelly (1984) County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005) Van Orden v. Perry (2005) School prayerZorach v. Clauson (1952) Engel v. Vitale (1962) Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) Stone v. Graham (1980) Wallace v. Jaffree (1985) Lee v.Weisman (1992) Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. vigor (2000) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) 393 U. S. 97 (1968), invalidated an Arkansas statute that prohibited the teaching o f human evolution in the public schools. Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (M. D. Pa. 2005). Works Cited Barton, David. The Separation of Church and State. 1st ed. Wallbuilders Press. 2007. Beail, Linda. Wesleyan or Fundamentalist? Political and Theological Stances of Nazarene Pastors. Association of Nazarene Sociologists and Researchers. Web.